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We describe new fossil bovid craniodental remains from the Upper Miocene fossil site of Şerefköy-2, Yatağan Basin, SW Turkey. The new material belongs to six species: Gazella cf. G. capricornis, Palaeoryx pallasi, Sporadotragus parvidens, Skoufotragus cf. Sk. schlosseri, Urmiatherium rugosifrons, and ?Sinotragus sp., which together indicate a latest middle–early Late Turolian (Late Miocene) age. Medium-to-large bovid taxa prevail over small ones, and protoryxoid bovids clearly dominate the assemblage. An analysis of the taxonomic structure, size and diet spectra of several Turolian bovid assemblages from Greece and Turkey reveals Şerefköy-2 to be a member of a mammalian palaeocommunity particular to southwestern Anatolia, which in turn forms part of the sub-Paratethyan biogeographic province.
Sexual dimorphism is reviewed and described in adult skulls of Chilotherium wimani from the Linxia Basin. Via the analysis and comparison, several very significant sexually dimorphic features are recognized. Tusks (i2), symphysis and occipital surface are larger in males. Sexual dimorphism in the mandible is significant. The anterior mandibular morphology is more sexually dimorphic than the posterior part. The most clearly dimorphic character is i2 length, and this is consistent with intrasexual competition where males invest large amounts of energy jousting with each other. The molar length, the height and the area of the occipital surface are correlated with body mass, and body mass sexual dimorphism is compared. Society behavior and paleoecology of C. wimani are different from most extinct or extant rhinos. M/F ratio indicates that the mortality of young males is higher than females. According to the suite of dimorphic features of the skull of C. wimani, the tentative sex discriminant functions are set up in order to identify the gender of the skulls.
The fossil record of Megatheriinae (Tardigrada, Megatheriidae) in Argentina extends from the Colloncuran (Middle Miocene of Patagonia) to the Lujanian (Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene of the Pampean region). In the Late Miocene of north−western Argentina, Megatheriinae is represented by just three species belonging to a single genus, Pyramiodontherium. Here, we describe a partial mandible and the phalanges of a third digit of the manus recovered from the Saladillo Formation (Upper Miocene) of Tucumán Province, and assign them to Anisodontherium sp. Anisodontherium is primarily characterized by mesiodistally compressed molariforms, an anterior margin of the coronoid process located posterior to m4, and a posterior margin of the mandibular symphysis located anterior to m1. While these features can also be observed in A. halmyronomum from the Arroyo Chasicó Formation (Buenos Aires Province, Pampean region), Anisodontherium sp. is smaller and more slender than the former. The shape of each molariform of Anisodontherium affects the total length of the molariform tooth row, and thus the interpretation of some characters used in cladistic and paleobiological analyses. The material described here adds to the knowledge of the mandibular and dental anatomy of early megatheriines. In addition, the occurrence of Anisodotherium in Tucumán Province provides the first record of this genus outside the Pampean region, and increases the diversity of megatheriines during the Late Miocene–Pliocene of north−western Argentina.
Primitive species in the differentiation of the subfamily Ctenomyinae are revisited, and, on molar evidence, a new interpretation of the evolutionary pattern of these earliest members of the group is proposed. The octodontid Phtoramys is rejected as possible ancestor, whereas the genus Chasichimys (including Pattersomys), previously included in the family Echimyidae, is transferred to the Octodontidae as a primitive member of the ctenomyine radiation. During the Chasicoan and Huayquerian Ages [Late Miocene), an anagenetic event represented by an increase of hypsodonty in Chasichimys, may have led to the differentiation of the primitive euhypsodont ctenomyines of the genus Xenodontomys. Coeval cladogenetic processes, occurring during the protohypsodont evolutionary stage of the group, would have resulted in the separation of the genus Palaeoctodon from the lineage Chasichimys-Xenodontomys. These ancient representatives of the subfamily would have differentiated in central Argentine pampas. The recognition of such evolutionary events and concordant evidence from other octodontoid rodents suggest temporal differences among the outcroppings of the Cerro Azul Formation in central Argentina.
The fossil rodents from the southwestern Amazonia of Brazil have been studied since the first half of the 20th century. Several caviomorph rodents were reported for the Neogene of this region, mainly neoepiblemids and dinomyids. Until recently, the record of dinomyids in the Solimões Formation (Late Miocene) was predominantly based on a few isolated teeth, which made it difficult to make more accurate taxonomic identifications due to the scarcity of diagnostic characters. Here, new remains, more complete than those previously reported, of potamarchine dinomyids from the Neogene of Brazil are described. A new species of Potamarchus and a new genus and species of a Potamarchinae are erected. In addition, new material of Potamarchus murinus and Potamarchus sp. is identified. These data suggest a higher diversity of dinomyids in in the western Amazonia than previously supposed.
The Gliridae from three Late Miocene localities of the Republic of Moldova – Chimishliya (age MN12), Gura Galbene (MN12), and Gradishte (MN11/12) are described and their taxonomic position discussed: two are assigned to Myomimus, one each to Vasseuromys, Muscardinus and Gliridae gen. and sp. indet. The most abundant fossil remains were found in Chimishliya (nine teeth) and the most taxonomic diversity was observed in Gura Galbene (Myomimus dehmi/maritsensis, Myomimus sp., Muscardinus and Gliridae gen. and sp. indet). Discovery of the specimen of Muscardinus from Moldova fills the stratigraphic gap of genus occurrence between MN11 and MN14 in Europe. Scarcity of fossil remains does not allow for reconstruction of the transformations of the dormice fauna, though presence of particular genera is indicative of specific palaeoenvironment conditions in the Late Miocene of Moldova.
We describe a new large species of marabou stork, Leptoptilus patagonicus(Ciconiiformes, Ciconiidae, Leptoptilini), from the late Miocene Puerto Madryn Formation, Chubut Province, Argentina. The specimen consists mainly of wing and leg bones, pelvis, sternum, cervical vertebrae, and a few fragments of the skull. We provisionally adopt the traditional systematic scheme of ciconiid tribes. The specimen is referred to the Leptoptilini on the basis of similarities in morphology and intramembral proportions with the extant genera Ephippiorhynchus, Jabiru, and Leptoptilos. The fossil specimen resembles in overall morphology and size the species of Leptoptilos, but also exhibits several exclusive characters of the sternum, humerus, carpometacarpus, tibiotarsus, and pelvis. Additionally, its wing proportions differ from those of any living taxon, providing support to erect a new species. This is the first record of the tribe Leptoptilini in the Tertiary of South America.
Radiolarians from Sites 845 and 1241 in the eastern equatorial Pacific were examined in order to evaluate the role of paleoceanographic perturbations upon the general faunal evolutionary pattern of tropical planktonic organisms during the last 17 Ma. Radiolarian appearance and extinction rates indicate no periods of mass extinctions during the past 17 Ma. However, a relatively rapid replacement of the species in the radiolarian assemblages occurs near the middle–late Miocene boundary. This replacement event represents the gradual extinction of a number of radiolarian species and their gradual replacement by evolving new species. The modern equatorial circulation system was formed near the middle–late Miocene boundary due to the closure of the Indonesian seaway. The minor faunal turnover appears to be associated with the formation of the modern equatorial circulation system near the middle–late Miocene boundary. Diatom assemblages in the equatorial Pacific became more provincial in character after about 9 Ma. The appearance and extinction rates of planktic foraminifers were relatively high near the middle–late Miocene boundary, and those of calcareous nannoplankton reached high values in the early late Miocene in the equatorial Pacific Ocean. Thus, faunal evolution from the middle Miocene type to late Miocene types occurred first, being followed by floral evolution. The middle–late Miocene boundary is not a sharp boundary for planktonic microfossils, but marks a time of transition critical for faunal and floral evolution in both siliceous and calcareous microfossil assemblages in the equatorial Pacific Ocean.
Fossil capybaras are morphologically extremely varied, but previous studies have disagreed on whether this diversity reflects intraspecific variation or the existence of multiple species. Here, we review the capybaras from the classic Argentinian Late Miocene localities of Paraná River cliffs (“conglomerado osífero” of the Ituzaingó Formation, Entre Ríos), and Chillhué and Guatraché shallow lakes (Cerro Azul Formation, La Pampa), and perform a morphometric analysis of their upper cheek teeth and the posterior portion of the rostrum. Our results confirm that all of the specimens from the “conglomerado osífero” belong to the single species Cardiatherium paranense. In addition, we refer a specimen from Tupungato (Río de los Pozos Formation, Mendoza) to C. paranense, thus expanding its geographical range. The material from La Pampa represents a different taxon, and is here preliminary referred to Cardiatherium aff. orientalis. Our systematic interpretation of Late Miocene capybaras suggests that the early radiation of this group was not as explosive as previously thought, and was likely constrained by the early acquisition of large size, increasing complexity of the cheek teeth, and probably semi-aquatic habits.
The fossil darter Macranhinga paranensis (Aves: Pelecaniformes) from the late Miocene of Argentina is the largest of all known extinct or living Anhingidae. Its body mass is estimated at a mean value of 5.4 kg by using a scaling model derived from the logarithmic relationship between measurements of the least shaft circumference of the femur/tibiotarsus and body masses. Predictions of body mass, as well as the analysis of anatomical evidence, are used to infer that Macranhinga paranensis would have probably had a powered flapping flight and an aquatic locomotion similar to that of cormorants. The morphology of the pelvis and the hind-limb would have allowed Macranhinga paranensis to catch fishes by means of pursuit-diving rather than stalking them in an anhinga-like manner. As determined by adaptations mainly of tarsometatarsal morphology, the species had well developed perching and climbing abilities.
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