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The objective of this study was to determine the net shortwave solar radiation (K*) on a plateau and the bottom of a canyon in the southern part of the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. Its significant diurnal and annual variability was expressed as hourly, daily, monthly, seasonal and annual totals of K*. The great diversity of the terrain, varied forms, expositions and slopes, considerable denivelations, and also the diversity of the land cover and land use make this small area very diversified as far as radiation conditions are concerned. On the basis of the actinometrical study, the differences of radiation were assessed on two distinct morphological terrain forms: on the plateau and on the bottom of the canyon. The mean daily value of the total of K* amounted to 10.8 MJ·mˉ² on the plateau, and to 9.1 MJ·mˉ² on the bottom of the canyon in the analysed period.
Subject and purpose of work: The aim of the research study is to identify objects which can potentially create the attractiveness of the region and to analyze the network of hypertext links between selected entities in the tourism industry. Materials and methods: The ethnographic approach was used in the article, and the main research method was content analysis and the analysis of hypertext links with the use of Semrush, PetScan and Similarweb internet tools. Results: Over a dozen objects with a large potential for attracting tourists have been identified, that is castles, palaces and sacral objects, which differed in terms of marketing impact on the tourist market. Conclusions: Although no coherent network of hypertext links has been found, visible efforts to create such a network for some municipalities were noticed. Local government authorities do not fully use Internet tools to promote the values of their own region.
The purpose of this paper is an attempt to demonstrate and evaluate natural and cultural values of the small town, which is rarely visited by tourists. Bydlin area is located within both walking and bicycling touristic route “The trail of the Eagles’ Nests”. The tourist sights and geotouristic values of Bydlin country, was presented. All three selected tourist sites and one geosites have highly cultural, historic and geological values. Described town can be an alternative for well-known and crowded places for tourists from Poland. This is the proposal for a short few hours educational natural and historical trail for tourists with different preferences and predisposition.
Fragmented distribution, the breeding system and effects of genetic drift in small-size populations occurring at edge of the species range play an important role in shaping genetic diversity of such a species. Melica transsilvanica is a plant rare in the flora of Poland, where it reaches the northern limit of its continuous range. Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) DNA profiling method was applied to measure genetic diversity among and within populations of M. transsilvanica. Additionally, genetic relationships between M. transsilvanica and Melica ciliata, two closely related species, were explored. A total of 68 plants from 7 populations of M. transsilvanica and 24 plants from 2 populations of M. ciliata, collected in Poland and outside it, were analyzed. Using 294 AFLP fragments from 3 primer combinations, accessions were grouped into two major clusters associating with M. ciliata and M. transsilvanica, respectively. Further, two subclusters, corresponding to the samples collected from the Pieniny Mts and from the Kraków - Częstochowa Upland were clearly distinguished within the M. transsilvanica group. The hierarchical AMOVA exhibited significant genetic distinction between these geographic regions (60.89%, p < 0.001). The obtained results showed that the most genetic diversity resided between the populations of M. transsilvanica (86.03%) while considerably lower genetic variation was found within the populations (13.97%), which is consistent with the results reported for self-plants. The low level of AFLP genetic variation of M. transsilvanica can be caused by the geographic isolation of populations, which preserves the dominant self-mating breeding system of the species. Individual populations of M. transsilvanica are characterized by isolated gene pools differing by a small number of loci.
The majority of oligochaete species living in springs are ubiquitous and widely distributed taxa but cold stenothermic, semiaquatic and rare ones are also found. In Poland about 50 species are known from springs among 185 aquatic and semi-aquatic species found in whole country. Gianius aquaedulcis (Hrabĕ 1960) (Tubificidae, Phallodrilinae) is reported for the first time from Poland from two karstic springs situated in Kraków – Częstochowa Upland (South Poland). Both springs are hillside, fissure, descending, rheocrenes, with discharge about 30– 40 L s⁻¹. Spring no 1 is situated in banked pond, spring no 2 has natural character. Their bottom is sandy or sandy-gravely, with patches of detritus, mud and plants. The conductivity, concentration of main cations (Ca, Mg) and anions (Cl, SO₄) were typical for spring waters of this limestone area; only concentration of nitrate is slightly elevated. The samples of bottom fauna (a polyethylene corer and a bottom scraper) and water for chemical analysis were taken seasonally. This species was more numerous in a banked spring than in the natural one (maximal density about 1600 ind. m⁻²) and seasonal changes of its density were similar in both springs. Mature specimens formed only 5–8% of the population and were present in all sampling data. G. aquaedulcis is known from a few localities only (Germany, France, Spain and USA). It lives in underground and surface waters, with slightly alkaline pH on sandy or stony bottom. Maybe this species forms a few relictic populations which persist in subterranean (cave or hyporheic) waters of some geographic regions at least since the last glacial epoch. The existence of small anatomical differences (for example various thickness of the muscular lining of the atria and changeable shape of penial setae) among the studied populations from various countries seems to confirm this hypothesis.
The research was conducted between 1994 and 2004 on the area of the Krakow- Czestochowa Upland. Insects were collected using the floatation and baited trap methods. Based on the data from the Catalogue of Polish Fauna, it was determined that 63 species of coprofagous Scarabaeoidea occurred in the Upland between 1866 and 1983. The current research confirmed the presence of 36 species of coprofagous beetles. Of the 63 species found in the past, 26 species were not confirmed as present. It turned out that 13 species of this group were found between 1866 and 1910, but their presence in this area was not confirmed until 2004. The disappearance of many species applies mainly to taxa with higher habitat requirements.
This paper presents the results of a floristic study focusing on taxa representing the genus Gomphonema in Kobylanka stream, situated ca 30 km NW of Kraków. Species belonging to the genus Gomphonema Ehr. were very frequently observed diatom taxa in the material studied. Amongst 272 diatom taxa recorded in the studied material, 13 belong to this genus. Some of them are widespread and often found in Poland; others such as Gomphonema micropus Kutz. and G. sarcophagus Greg. are rarely or for the first time reported from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. G. brebissonii Reichardt, G. lagerheimii A. Cl. and G. parallelistriatum Lange-Bert. and Reichardt are new to the Polish flora. Identification of the diatom flora was based on light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphological characters and dimensions of frustules were measured for all taxa reported. Ecological requirements, remarks on distribution, and photographic documentation are also given.
Studies were performed on 25 karstic springs located in Southern Poland (50º10’ – 50º46’ N, 19º17’ – 19º54’E). They are natural or encased, differing also in discharge rate (0.01– 15 l s⁻¹ in the southern part of KrakówCzęstochowa Upland while 20 – 1440 l s⁻¹ in its northern part) and kind of bottom sediments (fine or coarse). 27 species and 1 genus representing 5 families were determined, among them Enchytraeidae were represented by the highest number of species whereas Tubificidae (mainly juvenile forms) were the most abundant. Among oligochaetes no crenobionts were found while crenophiles: Rhyacodrilus falciformis Bretscher and Stylodrilus heringianus Claparède were present in a half of the studied springs. In the majority of the studied springs the density of oligochaetes was significantly higher in fine sediments (ranges 200 – 13 200 ind. m⁻²) than in coarse ones (ranges 22–7900 ind. m⁻²) (P <0.05). The species diversity (H’) was also higher in fine sediments, especially in springs of the southern part of Upland. Oligochaeta were more abundant and diversified in encased springs than in natural ones and they inhabited preferably fine sediments. The discharge and springs localization (in southern or northern part of the studied area) were found to be not of importance for oligochaete composition and abundance.
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