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Aerosol optical properties over Svalbard: a comparison between Ny-Alesund and Hornsund

100%

Pakszys P., Zielinski T.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

This paper presents the CAMS model based aerosol optical properties calculated for two Spitsbergen fjords, Kongsfjorden (Ny-Ålesund) and Hornsund (Polish Polar Station in Hornsund) measured between 2010 and 2015. A small decrease in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) is shown throughout the study period leading to an alteration of the state of the polar atmosphere. However, the potential differences observed between the stations were not statistically significant. While during the studied period no significant differences in chemical composition between the stations were observed, increasing mean values of Black Carbon (BC) were found to be associated with an increasing number of wild forest fires in remote areas producing smoke plumes, which are further transported over vast distances and reach Spitsbergen.

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Can seabirds modify carbon burial in fjords?

100%

Weslawski J. M., Urbanski J., Gluchowska M., Grzelak K., Kotwicki L., Kwasniewski S., Legezynska J., Wiktor J., Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M., Zaborska A., Zajaczkowski M., Stempniewicz L.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

Two high latitude fjords of Spitsbergen (Hornsund 77°N and Kongsfjorden 79°N) are regarded as being highly productive (70 g and 50 gC m−2 year−1) and having organic-rich sediments. Hornsund has more organic matter in its sediments (8%), nearly half of it of terrestrial origin, while most of that in Kongsfjorden (5%) comes from fresh, marine sources (microplankton). Analysis of the carbon sources in both fjords shows that a major difference is the much larger seabird population in Hornsund-dominated with over 100 thousands pairs of plankton feeding little auks in Hornsund versus 2 thousand pairs in Kongsfjorden, and marine food consumption estimated as 5573 tonnes of carbon in Hornsund, versus 3047 tonnes in Kongsfjorden during one month of chick feeding period. Seabird colonies supply rich ornithogenic tundra (595 tonnes of C, as against only 266 tonnes of C in the Kongsfjorden tundra). No much of the terrestrial carbon, flushed out or wind-blown to the fjord, is consumed on the seabed – a state of affairs that is reflected by the low metabolic activity of bacteria and benthos and the lower benthic biomass in Hornsund than in Kongsfjorden.

3

Fauna of Bryozoa from Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen

100%

Kuklinski P.

Polish Polar Research

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2002

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tom 23

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nr 2

193-206

4

Derogenes varicus [Muller, 1784] from chaetognaths [Chaetognatha] caught in Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen

100%

Rolbiecki L., Walkusz W.

Oceanological and Hydrobiological Studies

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2005

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tom 34

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nr 4

5

Paracrenhydrosoma oceaniae sp.nov. [Copepoda: Harpacticoida], from Kongsfjorden, Northwest Svalbard [Arctic]

100%

Kotwicki L., Fiers F.

Annales Zoologici

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2005

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tom 55

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nr 3

Both sexes of a new species of Cletodidae belonging to the Acrenhydrosomalineage are described from material collected at Kongsfjorden (Svalbard) and attributed to the genus Paracrenhydrosoma Gee, 1999. Paracrenhydrosoma oceaniae sp. nov. is easily distinguished from its congeners by the reduced setal formula of the natatorial legs, lacking the inner subdistal seta on segment 3 of legs 3 and 4. Several other characteristics viz. antennular and antennal armature, and the free leg 5 exopodite in both sexes, are indications of its basal position in the genus.

6

Kongsfjorden and Hornsund hydrography - comparative study based on a multiyear survey in fjords of West Spitsbergen

84%

Prominska A., Cisek M., Walczowski W.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

A recent study has shown increased warming in the fjords of west Spitsbergen. Their location is critical, as they are situated along the main northward pathway of Atlantic Water (AW) which is a great source of heat to the Arctic Ocean and the fjords. In the light of ongoing warming, we aim to discuss differences between the fjords under northward transformation of oceanic waters. We compared summer hydrographic conditions in two fjords located in two opposite ends of west Spistbergen: Hornsund in the south and Kongsfjorden in the north. The study is based on high resolution CTD measurements collected during Arctic cruises between 2001 and 2015. The emphasis was put not only on differences in water temperature, salinity and water masses but also the freshwater content (FWC), AW transport and heat delivery to the fjords. In general, the water in Kongsfjorden is on average 18C warmer and its salinity is higher by 0.5 compared to Hornsund. It is also characterized by two times greater transport of AW and heat delivery to the fjord. On the other hand, Hornsund reveals two times higher FWC. Both fjords undergo a gradual warming due to an increased presence of Atlantic origin waters. The ongoing warming is accompanied by an increase in variability of temperature and salinity dependent on the domination of the Sørkapp Current (SC) or the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC) on the West Spitsbergen Shelf (WSS). Nonetheless, Hornsund remains more Arctic-type fjord compared to Kongsfjorden, due to stronger blocking by SC.

7

Ecosystem maturation follows the warming of the Arctic fjords

84%

Weslawski J. M., Buchholz F., Gluchowska M., Weydmann A.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

Two fjords in West Spitsbergen (Hornsund 77°N and Kongsfjorden 79°N) differ with regard to their exposure towards increasingly warm Atlantic water inflow. Hornsund remains in many respects cooler than Kongsfjorden (on average 2°C SST in summer) and is less influenced by warmer and more saline Atlantic waters. Reported changes in the physical environment (temperature rise, freshwater inflow, salinity drop, turbidity, fast-ice reduction, coastal change) are discussed in the context of biological observations in the pelagic and benthic realms with special reference to krill (Euphausiacea). We conclude that well-documented changes in the physical environment have had little effect on the fjord biota and that both organisms and their ecological functions in the fjords are well adapted to the scale of ongoing change. The observed changes fit the definition of ecosystem maturation, with greater diversity, a more complex food web and dispersed energy flow at the warmer site.

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Aerosol physical properties in Spitsbergen's fjords: Hornsund and Kongsfjorden during AREX campaigns in 2014 and 2015

84%

Markuszewski P., Rozwadowska A., Cisek M., Makuch P., Petelski T.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

We present results of measurements of aerosol physical properties conducted on board of r/v Oceania during two cruises to the Spitsbergen region in 2014 (AREX 2014) and 2015 (AREX 2015). Measurements of aerosol size distribution, aerosol scattering coefficient and black carbon concentrations were made in two different Spitsbergen fjords: Hornsund and Kongsfjorden. The aerosol size distribution was measured in the size range from 0.09 μm to 47 μm using two aerosol size distribution spectrometers and a standard condensation particle counter. For the scattering coefficient an integrating nephelometer was used. Black carbon concentration was measured by an aethalometer. Temporal variabilities in physical properties of aerosol observed during the AREX 2014 and AREX 2015 campaigns were much higher than the differences between both fjords. The basic factors influencing aerosol conditions were advection and local generation of marine aerosol. In 2015 an episode of smoke advection was observed in both fjords causing an increase in the mean black carbon concentration from 7–12 ng m−3 to about 60 ng m−3, and an aerosol scattering coefficient at 550 nm from 2–4 Mm−1 to 12–17 Mm−1. Moreover, under certain conditions statistically significant gradients in aerosol optical properties were observed along the fjord axis reflecting an impact of mountains surrounding the fjords.

9

The malacostracan fauna of two Arctic fjords (West Spitsbergen): the diversity and distribution patterns of its pelagic and benthic components

84%

Legezynska J., Wlodarska-Kowalczuk M., Gluchowska M., Ormanczyk M., Kedra M., Weslawski J. M.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

This study examines the performance of pelagic and benthic Malacostraca in two glacial fjords of west Spitsbergen: Kongsfjorden, strongly influenced by warm Atlantic waters, and Hornsund which, because of the strong impact of the cold Sørkapp Current, has more of an Arctic character. The material was collected during 12 summer expeditions organized from 1997 to 2013. In all, 24 pelagic and 116 benthic taxa were recorded, most of them widely distributed Arctic-boreal species. The advection of different water masses from the shelf had a direct impact on the structure of the pelagic Malacostraca communities, resulting in the clear dominance of the sub-arctic hyperiid amphipod Themisto abyssorum in Kongsfjorden and the great abundance of Decapoda larvae in Hornsund. The taxonomic, functional and size compositions of the benthic malacostracan assemblages varied between the two fjords, and also between the glacier-proximate inner bays and the main fjord basins, as a result of the varying dominance patterns of the same assemblage of species. There was a significant drop in species richness in the strongly disturbed glacial bays of both fjords, but only in Hornsund was this accompanied by a significant decrease in density and diversity, probably due to greater isolation and poorer quality of sediment organic matter in its innermost basin. Our results suggest that the diversity and distribution of benthic malacostracans in these two fjords are only distantly related to the different hydrological regimes; rather, they are governed by locally acting factors, such as depth, sediment type, the variety of microhabitats and the availability and quality of food.

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Aerosol Optical Depth variations due to local breeze circulation in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen

84%

Cisek M., Petelski T., Zielinski T., Makuch P., Pakszys P., Rozwadowska A., Markuszewski P.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

This paper presents the results of Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) studies which took place in Ny-Ålesund in the spring of 2014 during the iAREA campaign. The measurements were taken using Microtops II hand-held sunphotometers along the Kongsfjorden, on a path leading from the research village to the fjord opening. Local breeze circulation was observed during the measurement campaign which resulted in an evident increase of AOD along the measurement profile towards the open sea. Using the observed AOD, changes over the open sea have been calculated and the location of the breeze front has been determined.

11

Deposition, return flux, and burial rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediments of two high-Arctic fjords

84%

Koziorowska K., Kulinski K., Pempkowiak J.

Oceanologia

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2018

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tom 60

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nr 4

12

Diversity and distribution of Bryozoa in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

84%

Gontar V. I., Hop H., Voronkov A. Y.

Polish Polar Research

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2001

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tom 22

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nr 3-4

13

A contribution to the knowledge of Arctic zooplankton diurnal variability [Kongsfjorden, Svalbard]

84%

Walkusz W., Kwasniewski S., Dmoch K., Beszczynska-Moller A.

Polish Polar Research

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2007

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tom 28

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nr 1

Zooplankton was investigated at fixed site in 24 hours in Kongsfjorden, a glacial fjord situated on the west coast of Spitsbergen (Svalbard) (79°N, 12°E), in order to unveil the level of diurnal variability in community composition and abundance. Parallel to zooplankton study water temperature and salinity were measured while information on local tides and winds was obtained from external sources. Observed changes did not exceed the range of variability regarded intrinsic, resulting from the nature of plankton. Because of this low variability we are of the opinion that the data presented can be regarded a valid measure of the natural heterogeneity of zooplankton communities in hydrologically dynamic Arctic coastal waters in summer. The observed changes in zooplankton were primarily induced by the complex dynamics of the fjord's water masses. In spite of importance of tidal forcing, the variability in zooplankton did not demonstrate similar temporal fluctuations due to modification of the water movement by other irregular forces (local wind). Also, we have not found any indication of diel vertical migration in coastal water in the Arctic under the condition of midnight sun.

14

Inherent optical properties and particulate matter distribution in summer season in waters of Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen

67%

Sagan S., Darecki M.

Oceanologia

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2018

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tom 60

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nr 1

Two Spitsbergen fjords, Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, are known for being under different hydrological regimes. The first is cold, separated from warm Atlantic water by East Spitsbergen Current, while Kongsfjorden is frequently penetrated by relatively warm Atlantic water. On the other hand, both are under strong influence of water discharge from glaciers and land freshwater input. During the period of observation in both fjords a dominant water mass was Surface Water, which originates mainly from glacial melt. The presence of suspended matter introduced with melt water in Surface Water is reflected by highest values of light attenuation and absorption coefficients recorded in areas close to glacier both in Hornsund and Kongsfjorden. In Hornsund the maximum light attenuation coefficient cpg(555) was 5.817 m−1 and coefficient of light absorption by particles ap(676) = 0.10 m−1. In Kongsfjorden the corresponding values were 26.5 m−1 and 0.223 m−1. In Kongsfjorden suspended matter of the size class 20–200 μm dominated over fractions smaller than 20 μm while in Hornsund dominating size fraction was 2–20 μm. The results provide an evidence of considerable range of variability of the optical properties mainly due to glacial and riverine runoff. The scale of variability of particulate matter in Kongsfjorden is bigger than in Hornsund. Most of the variability in Hornsund can be attributed to glaciers discharge and a presence of particles of mineral origin, while in Kongsfjorden the organic and mineral particles contribute almost equally to defining the optical properties of water.

15

Comparison of meteorological conditions in Svalbard fjords: Hornsund and Kongsfjorden

67%

Cisek M., Makuch P., Petelski T.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

This paper presents the results of a comparison of basic meteorological parameters in two Arctic fjords situated on the west coast of Spitsbergen, the main island of the Svalbard archipelago. Air temperature, wind speed and direction, humidity and cloud cover from the period 2005 to 2016 are described and compared with previous (from 1975) analyses of meteorological conditions in the investigated region. Such a choice of dates coincides with the time the GAME project measurements were carried out. The main goal of this study was to compare meteorological conditions in two fjords: Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, during the time of rapid climate changes. The results are collated with research results available in literature from previous years. We discovered that in the investigated period the climate of the Hornsund region is more oceanic than in Kongsfjorden. The stable level of the difference in climate elements is manifested and is evident mainly through greater amplitudes in air temperatures in Kongsfjorden, and in stronger winds in Hornsund.

16

Zooplankton structure in high latitude fjords with contrasting oceanography (Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen)

67%

Ormanczyk M. R., Gluchowska M., Olszewska A., Kwasniewski S.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

Zooplankton inhabiting the Hornsund and Kongsfjorden fjords on Spitsbergen (Svalbard) were investigated in summer 2013. The goal of the study was to determine how the zooplankton communities vary in environments functioning under different oceanographic regimes. Sampling was conducted with nets of different mesh size and selectivity (56 μm WP-2, 180 μm MultiNet, and 1000 μm Tucker Trawl), which permitted comparing a wide size spectrum of zooplankton components. Species composition did not differ substantially between the fjords, but the zooplankton in Hornsund was almost two times less numerous, and it had lower biomass per unit volume. The highest abundance at both sites was in the smallest zooplankton size fraction found only in samples taken with 56 μm mesh WP-2 net. These comprised as much as 71% and 58% of the total zooplankton abundance in Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, respectively. The communities in both fjords had comparable contributions of Arctic and boreo-Arctic species biomass in the year of the study. However, the comparison of zooplankton characteristics over several years showed changes in abundance and biogeographic structure that corresponded with variations in the physical environments of the fjords. The results of the study permit predicting the possible effects of the increasing influence of Atlantic waters on zooplankton communities inhabiting Arctic marine pelagic ecosystems.

17

Comparison of bacterial production in the water column between two Arctic fjords, Hornsund and Kongsfjorden (West Spitsbergen)

67%

Ameryk A., Jankowska K. M., Kalinowska A., Weslawski J. M.

Oceanologia

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2017

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tom 59

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nr 4

Bacterial production and the accompanying environmental factors were measured in the water columns of two Arctic fjords during the cruise in July and August 2013. Water samples were collected at six stations located in the central part of Hornsund and Kongsfjorden. In Hornsund, where average water temperatures were 1.25-fold lower than in Kongsfjorden, the bacterial production was twice as high (0.116 ± 0.102 vs 0.05 ± 0.03 mg C m−3 h−1). Statistical analysis indicated that chlorophyll a concentration itself was not a significant factor that affected bacterial production, in contrast to its decomposition product, pheophytin, originating from senescent algal cells or herbivorous activity of zooplankton. Single and multiple regression analysis revealed that water temperature, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and pheophytin concentration were the main factors affecting bacterial production in both fjords.

18

Entrapment of macroplankton in an Arctic fjord basin, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

67%

Weslawski J. M., Pedersen G., Petersen S. F., Porazinski K.

Oceanologia

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2000

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tom 42

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nr 1

This paper presents the results of 15 zooplankton tows collected with a Tucker Trawl (1 m2 opening, net of 2 mm mesh size) in Kongsfjorden (79◦N), Svalbard archipelago. The hydroacoustic survey revealed clear differences between the plankton concentrations in the outer and inner fjord basins. Plankton concentrations and fish were observed in the outer fjord, while uniformly scattered objects were detected in the inner basin. The macroplankton community was dominated by Euphausiacea (Thysanoessa inermis, Thysanoessa rashii), Amphipoda (Themisto libellula) and Pteropoda (Limacina helicina). Other taxa were of minor numerical importance. The macroplankton abundance reached 3300 indiv. 100−1 m−3 with a maximum biomass of 100 g wet weight 100−1 m−3 (over 440 kJ 100−1 m−3). L. helicina was advected into the fjord with surface waters, and was found in large abundance (1000 indiv. 100−1 m−3) in the subsurface layers of the inner basin. Euphausids were present in small numbers at the entrance to the fjord, but were found to be very abundant (600 indiv. 100−1 m−3) at the innermost stations, especially in the surface water layer. The estuarine circulation driven by the glacial meltwater discharge is believed to cause the entrapment of zooplankton in the inner fjord basin.

Ograniczanie wyników

Aerosol optical properties over Svalbard: a comparison between Ny-Alesund and Hornsund

Can seabirds modify carbon burial in fjords?

Fauna of Bryozoa from Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen

Derogenes varicus [Muller, 1784] from chaetognaths [Chaetognatha] caught in Kongsfjorden, West Spitsbergen

Paracrenhydrosoma oceaniae sp.nov. [Copepoda: Harpacticoida], from Kongsfjorden, Northwest Svalbard [Arctic]

Kongsfjorden and Hornsund hydrography - comparative study based on a multiyear survey in fjords of West Spitsbergen

Ecosystem maturation follows the warming of the Arctic fjords

Aerosol physical properties in Spitsbergen's fjords: Hornsund and Kongsfjorden during AREX campaigns in 2014 and 2015

The malacostracan fauna of two Arctic fjords (West Spitsbergen): the diversity and distribution patterns of its pelagic and benthic components

Aerosol Optical Depth variations due to local breeze circulation in Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen

Deposition, return flux, and burial rates of nitrogen and phosphorus in the sediments of two high-Arctic fjords

Diversity and distribution of Bryozoa in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard

A contribution to the knowledge of Arctic zooplankton diurnal variability [Kongsfjorden, Svalbard]

Inherent optical properties and particulate matter distribution in summer season in waters of Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen

Comparison of meteorological conditions in Svalbard fjords: Hornsund and Kongsfjorden

Zooplankton structure in high latitude fjords with contrasting oceanography (Hornsund and Kongsfjorden, Spitsbergen)

Comparison of bacterial production in the water column between two Arctic fjords, Hornsund and Kongsfjorden (West Spitsbergen)

Entrapment of macroplankton in an Arctic fjord basin, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard