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Based on results of the bryofloristic investigations carried out in 2006 along tourist roads and around mountain chalets the problem of bryophyte response to the tourist utilization of the summit region of Karkonosze Mts is discussed here. The hypothesis that introduction of cement as building material might have caused the income and spread of subneutral or basiphilous ruderal species in that naturally acidic region was formulated and tested. In result 45 species were found, of which the majority do not occur in natural sites in the Karkonosze Mts. Among them 20 species are convinced to be highly hemerophilous. Most of the found species were eurytopic, only 14 prefered subneutral or basic substrata. Many of them produced sporogonia, what indicates high reproduction potential. It seems that the phenomenon of synanthropisation is limited mainly to places in which cement (as mortar or concrete) has been used. The list of bryophytes found around all the anthropogenic sites and along the tourist roads in the summit region of Polish part of the massif with brief characteristics of their ecological preferences has been included.
The expansion of Calamagrostis villosa into Nardo-Caricion rigidae grasslands has been recor-ded in the Giant Mountains over the last few decades. The grasslands above the upper tree line were used for cattle grazing and haymaking practices for at least 300 years and the expansion of C. villosa has been recorded after the cessation of this management. The response of the C. villosa stands to mowing and nitrogen fertilization was studied in an experiment over a two- year period. Mowing resulted in the fast decrease of C. villosa coverage, canopy height and biomass production. The fertilization (30 kg N-ha-1 per year) was not able to compensate for the biomass production of mown plots. On the other hand, fertilization resulted in only a slight increase in biomass production in non-mowed plots. The number of C. villosa shoots decreased rapidly under mowing, was constant under mowing combined with fertilization, and increased in the fertilized plots. The fast negative reaction of C. villosa to mowing probably indicates its high sensitivity to defoliation and nutrient removal. Its expansion seems to be the long-term reaction of Nardus stricta dominated grasslands to the cessation of defoliation practices. Its expansion can also be supported by nitrogen deposition. Obtained results, with regard to defoliation sensitivity, probably indicate the quick reduction of C. villosa in agriculturally exploited grasslands above the upper tree line over the last few centuries.
Based on geographical and ecological analysis of the present moss flora occurring in two contiguous glacial cirques Śnieżne Kotły (Western Karkonosze Mts.), the occurrence of 20 species representing arctic-alpine and subarctic-subalpine elements is discussed. The majority of (sub)arctic- (sub)alpine elements (70%) occurred sporadically or very rarely (no more than 5 records), which indicates their general threat. Nine historically recorded species of these geographic elements could not be retrieved during the recent survey, however four of the recently found species have not been found during the systematic survey of historical sites on the Czech, southern, side of Karkonosze Mts. This proves that the northern localization of Śnieżne Kotły cirques favours the survival of relict species. The question of relictness with respect to the Düll's phytogeographical characterization is discussed; only in ten of the (sub)arctic- (sub)alpine species the relict character could be considered as granted due to their present distribution range. The full list of the Śnieżne Kotły present moss flora with the brief characteristics of their ecological distribution has been included, first such attempt since 1930.
The temperature of standing water is one of the most frequently measured abiotic parameters of lakes. While some of the Tatra lakes have been investigated in modern times, those in the Karkonosze Mountains have never been an object of planned, systematic thermal studies. Our article presents the results of a unique methodology of research on the thermal characteristics of waters of Wielki Staw and Morskie Oko. They yielded full information about the vertical distribution of water temperatures in both lakes in an exceptionally warm month - July 2006. By employing gradient thermal probes, it was possible not only to give a general description of the thermal conditions of the lakes and the current development of stratification, but also to grasp the pattern of momentary fluctuations in the water temperatures of both lakes. The research has proved that the thermal conditions of the two mountain lakes largely result from their individual morphometric diversity. Also, in terms of thermal characteristics, the lakes should not be treated on a par with those of the other geographical regions of Poland; in favourable circumstances, the temperatures of their surface waters can reach values rarely met even among lowland lakes.
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