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The aim of the present study was to estimate the relationship between the crop load, number of fruits produced per unit of trunk cross-sectional area (TCA), the average fruit weight and the yield of 'Jonagold' apple trees. The trees apple (Malus domestica Borkh. cv. 'Jonagold') grafted on P 60 rootstock were planted at 3.5 x 1.25 m spacing. In order to achieve a high diversity of fruit load, light (L) as well as heavy (H) thinning were applied. The fruitlets were not thinned in the control (Control) trees. The yield and average fruit weight depended on the applied thinning. The correlation coefficient between crop density (CD) and yield was positive, whereas that between CD and average fruit weight was negative. The mean fruit weight was influenced not only by the number of fruit per unit of trunk cross- sectional area but also by the age of a tree.
The aim of the study was to examine the effect of calcium chloride (CaCl,) spraying at different rates of water on apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) calcium concentration. The examination was carried out in 1997-1998 on 'Jonagold' apple trees grafted on M.26 rootstock and planted in 1990 on sandy-loam soil at a distance of 4 x 2.5 m.The trees were trained as a spindle at 2.4 m and 2 m of height and canopy width, respectively. In the experiment apple trees were sprayed with CaCl, at a rate of 7 kg ha 1 using 250, 500, 1000 and 1500 L of water volumes which gives: 2.8, 1.4, 0.7 and 0.5% CaCl, solutions, respectively. Sprays with CaCl, solutions were applied 6, 4 and 2 weeks before commercial fruit harvest. The trees unsprayed with Ca served as a control. The study showed that sprays with CaCl, at all studied water volumes had not effect on leaf and fruit damages. Regardless of the applied water rates, apples from the middle and the bottom of the canopy had higher calcium concentrations as a result of CaCl, sprays whereas this treatment had not effect on fruit calcium concentration from the top of the canopy. However, the laboratory study showed that 'Jonagolď apples from the canopy top had ability to take up exogenous calcium. It was found that efficacy of CaCl, sprays at studied water rates in increasing fruit calcium concentration was similar. The study showed as well that young 'Jonagold' fruitlets took up clearly less exogenous calcium compared to mature fruit which suggests that sprays of this cultivar with calcium salts should be applied mainly at late apple development stages.
The aim of this study was to examine effect of frequency of calcium chloride (CaCl2,) sprays on 'Jonagolď apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) quality. The experiment was carried out in 1996-1998 in the Experimental Orchard of the Research Institute of Pomology and Floriculture in Skierniewice. Apple trees were grafted on M.26 rootstock and planted in 1992 at a distance of 4 x 2 m on a sandy loam soil with high available phosphorus, potassium and magnesium contents. Four experimental treatments were applied: (i) three sprays with CaCl2, solutions at 2, 10 and 18 weeks after full bloom, (ii) six sprays with CaCl2, at 2, 6, 10, 14, 16 and 18 weeks after full bloom, (iii) nine sprays with CaCl2, at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16 and 18 weeks after full bloom and (iv) control plot - trees unsprayed with CaCl,. The results showed that fruit Ca concentration increased with the number of CaCl, sprays during the growing season. Apples nine-times sprayed with CaCl, solutions were smaller, less mature at harvest and after storage, had lower titratable acidity and soluble solids contents after storage and were less sensitive to bitter pit, internal breakdown and Gloeosporium-rot compared to other treatments; however these effects were influenced by the growing season. Six CaCl2, sprays only in one year of the study increased fruit firmness after storage, fruit resistance to bitter pit and internal breakdown. Three CaCl2, sprays decreased bitter pit incidence; however this effect was found only in one investigated year.
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