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Twenty two multifloral honey samples representing central western parts of Nepal were examined spectrophotometrically for their antioxidant properties and total phenol content. The modified Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to determine total phenol content and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhy-drazyl radicals (DPPHO assay for antiradical activity. In all samples, physicochemical parameters like moisture, reducing sugar, sucrose, ash, free acidity and water insoluble matter were also measured according to harmonized methods of the International Honey Commission (IHC). The results of physicochemical analysis showed that all the values, except for moisture of a small number of high altitude honey samples, are in good agreement with the current Nepalese standard. The total phenolic contents of honey, collected from high and low altitude, ranged from 154.87 to 41.90 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/100 g) respectively, at corresponding antiradical activity using DPPH expressed as percent inhibition of 76.66% and 25.69%. The IC50 values of selected high altitude honey samples ranged from 56 to 72 mg/mL. The total antioxidant properties were correlated (P<0.01) between total phenol content and antiradical activity (r=0.992). The obtained results demonstrate that the Nepalese honey collected from high altitude region contained more antioxidants than honey of low altitude region.
The present study was carried out in the lower middle Western Himalayan streams in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh of the three river basins namely the Ghaggar, the Sutlej and the Yamuna. The main aim was to study fish assemblage structure/composition, fish diversity in different habitats and the habitat preference of the fishes. The different habitats like pools, riffles, runs and rapids were sampled over a 2 km stretch at all the sites with the help of cast net of 1 cm mesh size having a diameter of I-2 meter on a fixed day every month between mid morning and late afternoon. All the sites when broadly delineated at level-I fall into type - B except site II that is an F - type stream. A total of 23 species belonging to four orders were recorded of which the cyprinids were the most dominant group. According to Shannon-Weaver diversity index, the pool habitat supports greater diversity (H' = 0.72-0.97). Runs (H' = 0.24-0.87) and riffles (H' = 0.22-0.81) have diversity very near to each other at all the sites whereas rapids have significantly lower fish diversity (H' = 0.00-0.58). The pool is the preferred habitat for most of the cyprinid fishes recorded in the present study especially the minnows.
Previously, workers of species belonging to the pachei-group of the genus Myrmica were characterised by having only transverse rugosity on the alitrunk dorsum. The group contained only M. pachei and M. villosa, both endemic to the Indian side of the Himalaya. Three other species were recently described from China (M. taibaensis, M. polyglypta and M. weil) that have at least some transverse rugae mixed with other types of sculpture on various parts of the alitrunk dorsum. Examination of new material collected from southern and south-western China and Kashmir revealed 9 new species sharing this feature. Here we redefine the pachei-group to include all 14 species; we review all the species, making a redescription of M. taibaensis and describe the 9 new species: Myrmica sculptiventris, M. schulzi, M. phalacra, M. varisculpta, M. hlavaci, M. pleiorhytida, M. multiplex, M. yunnanensis and M. heterorhytida. Drawings and measurements are provided together with a conventional key to workers of the pachei- group and a diagnostic table of the species.
The Himalayan species of the genus Selasia are reviewed. Selasia atriventris Pic, 1914 from Darjeeling is redescribed and two new species are described: Selasia boruckae sp. nov. from Nepal and Selasia merkli sp. nov. from Pakistan. Selasia maindroni Bourgeois, 1903 from India is transferred from Drilini to Lampyridae: Ototretinae incertae sedis. Diagnostic characters of all Himalayan Selasia species are illustrated and the identification key to males is provided.
The paper reports meiotic studies on 50 populations comprising 12 species belonging to 5 genera of Caryophyllaceae from the Western Himalayas. The chromosome numbers in Arenaria kashmirica (n=20), Silene conoidea (n=20), S. edgeworthii (n=12 and n=24), S. moorcroftiana (n=24), S. nepalensis (n=12), Stellaria media (n=13), S. monosperma (n=13) and S. semivestita (n=13) are reported for the first time. The chromosome numbers in Lychnis coronaria (n=12) and Silene vulgaris (n=24) are given for the first time from India, along with Gypsophilla ceratioides (n=15) from the Western Himalayas. The course of meiosis varies from normal to abnormal in different populations of Silene conoidea, S. edgeworthii, S. vulgaris, Stellaria media, S. monosperma and S. semivestita. The course of meiosis was abnormal in all studied populations of Lychnis coronaria. Abnormal microsporogenesis (cytomixis, chromosomal stickiness, unoriented bivalents, formation of laggards and bridges) led to reduced pollen fertility and differences in pollen grain size.
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