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Chromosome numbers of 46 Hieracium L. and Pilosella Vaill. taxa from Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Serbia and Slovakia are presented. Chromosomes numbers are given for the first time for Hieracium amphigenum Briq. 2n = 3x = 27, H. bohatschianum Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. borbasii R. Uechtr. 2n = 4x = 36, H. cernuum Friv. 2n = 2x = 18, H. hazslinszkyi Pax 2n = 3x = 27, H. mirekii Szeląg 2n = 4x = 36, H. polyphyllobasis (Nyár. & Zahn) Szeląg 2n = 3x = 27, H. porphyriticum A. Kern. 2n = 4x = 36, H. racemosum Waldst. & Kit. ex Willd. subsp. racemosum 2n = 3x = 27, H. scardicum Borm. & Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. sparsum subsp. ipekanum Rech. fil. & Zahn 2n = 4x = 36, H. sparsum subsp. peristeriense Behr & Zahn, H. sparsum subsp. squarrosobracchiatum Behr & al. 2n = 3x = 27, H. tomosense Simk. 2n = 4x = 36, H. tubulare Nyár. 2n = 4x = 36, H. werneri Szeląg 2n = 3x = 27 and Pilosella fusca subsp. subpedunculata (Zahn) Szeląg, as well as five species of Hieracium sect. Cernua R. Uechtr. not described to date and a hybrid between H. bifidum s. lat. and H. pojoritense Woł.
Mature leaves of 20 Hieracium L. and 11 Pilosella Hill. species collected from the alpine and subalpine regions of northeast Anatolia (Turkey) were examined for total phenolic content. The highest level was found in leaves of H. conicum (22.5 mg phenol equiv/g dry wt) and the lowest H. cardiophyllum (3.7 mg phenol equiv/g dry wt). Total phenolics content varied significantly (p = 0.05) among species of Hieracium and in decreasing order as follows: H. conicum (22.5) > H. hypoglaucum (21.5) > H. amblylepis (18.1) > H. subsilvularum (17 .2) > H. jurassicum (15.1) >H. tamderense (14.8) > H. mannagettae (14.7) > H. cardiophyllum (3 .7). In Pilosella the level ranged between 5.6 and 25.5 mg phenol equiv/g dry wt, with the lowest in P. grossheimii and the highest in P. hypeuryum. Total phenolics content varied significantly (p = 0.05) among species of Pilosella, in decreasing order: P. hypeuryum (22.5) > P. tephrocephala (17.9) > P. officinarum (15.7) > P. macranthum (13.7) > P. fennica (10.5) > P. macrotricha (7.7) > P. grosheimii (5.6). Within genera, 40% of the Hieracium species and ~64% of the Pilosella species significantly differed in total phenolics content, while ~19.4% of the species significantly differed between genera. The range of differences in total phenolics content in the genera was not wide, clearly due to their taxonomically close relationships between species.
The dicotyledonous genus Hieracium contains apomictic and sexual species, and is used as a model to study apomixis at the molecular level. Apomixis is facultative and occurs by apospory followed by autonomous embryo and endosperm formation. The sexual pathway initiates first, then apomixis begins with the differentiation of initial cells, and in the more successful apomicts the apomictic pathway displaces the sexual. Genetic analysis showed that apomictic seed set is dependent on the activity of a dominant locus and also modifiers that can influence the fate of initial cell development. The initiation of apomixis is presaged by the altered expression of a DEFICIENS homologue. Initiation of apomixis is not related to alterations in callose deposition or ß-l,3-glucanase activity as has been proposed in other apomicts. Ablation of ovule tissues showed that the funiculus or substances flowing through it exert a negative effect on aposporous initial cell formation. Initial cells were capable of forming embryo sacs, embryos and endosperm in the altered context of ovule development resulting from funicular cell ablation. Signals from surrounding ovule tissues might therefore play a role in directing initial cell fate and the progression of apomixis. We propose that the apomixis locus confers the potential for the components of apospory and autonomous embryo and endosperm development, while other genes that normally regulate ovule and seed maturation may act as modifiers. The combination of locus and modifier activity results in a particular mode of apomixis. The locus and the modifiers require characterization to effectively manipulate apomixis in crops where this beneficial trait is largely absent.
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