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The features of morphological structure of diaspores and seedlings of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench were described. The germination of seeds was investigated under laboratory conditions. At using the optimum conditions for germination (light, changing temperature), ripe diaspores of Helichrysum arenarium germinate from 40 to 90% (on average 70%) during the first year after harvest. The viability of diaspores stored under conditions of unheated room is maintained at about 70% over 3 years after harvest; after 4 years it decreases to 20%.
Celem pracy było określenie warunków mikrorozmnażania kocanek piaskowych. Na etapie namnażania stwierdzono istotny wpływ zastosowanego poziomu BA na liczbę pędów otrzymanych z jednego eksplantatu, natomiast wpływ pożywki podstawowej był nieistotny. Na pożywce MS z dodatkiem 1,0 mg·dm⁻³ BA uzyskano 17,59 pędów z jednego eksplantatu. Kocanki w zastosowanych warunkach ukorzeniały się w 96-100%. Świeża masa mikrosadzonek, długość ich pędów i korzeni, zależała od stężenia BA w pożywce zastosowanej do namnażania. Ponad 90% wysadzonych w szklarni sadzonek zaadaptowało się do warunków ex vitro. Po 10 tygodniach uprawy w szklarni rośliny silnie się rozkrzewiły wytwarzając średnio od 6,8 do 11,6 rozgałęzień. Obserwowano także wytwarzanie odrostów korzeniowych.
Explants of apical buds of sandy everlasting Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench sterilized with calcium hypochlorite – Ca(OCl₂) were placed onto Murashige- -Skoog (MS) growth medium enriched with 1 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN (kinetin) in two consecutive passages. To optimize the procedure of in vitro micropropagation, the axillary shoots of Helichrysum arenarium L. Moench were transferred during the third passage onto 9 different combinations of MS medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs-free medium), with different concentrations of KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) and KIN (1.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 mg∙dm⁻³) with IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) (0.5 mg dm⁻³). The highest mean number of shoots (24.7) was observed on MS medium with 5 mg∙dm⁻³ KIN and 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA. The achieved branched shoots were rooted and acclimatized. Rhizogenesis was intensified by the presence of growth hormones: 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IAA or 0.5 mg∙dm⁻³ IBA (indole-3-butyric acid). At the stage of acclimation of plantlets the application of a water solution of MS salts (25%) for watering the plants increased the efficacy of plant acclimation from 56 to 75%.
There has been a growing interest over the last years in techniques using alternative and pharmaceutical plants due to their wide potential applications. These species are characterised by valuable and multidirectional usable features, due to which their practical application is superior to their physiognomic features. These plants may provide a raw material for production of medicines, cosmetics or may be used for animal feeds. Moreover they may be used as ornamental, melliferous and energy plants. Owing to their generally low soil requirements they are used in the reclamation of degraded land. Among the species characterized by multidirectional use are Silphium perfoliatum, Helichrysum arenarium and Stevia rebaudiana. These plants are characterized by a high content of active compounds and a number of pro-health characteristics. Because raw materials for production of medicines and cosmetics should be standardized, cultures maintained under controlled conditions are a good source of seedlings.
The inflorescences of yellow everlasting collected from twenty-two natural sites in the middle part of the Bug river valley were compared as to the contents and composition of flavonoids and phenolic acids. The total contents of flavonoids and phenolic acids ranged from 0.15% to 0.70%, and from 0.45% to 1.52%, respectively. As a result of HPLC analysis eight flavonoid compounds were identified, with isosalipurposide as a dominant constitu­ent. Its content ranged from 2.6 to 13.9 g/100g. The contents of chlorogenic and ferulic acids were also determined.
Over 2007–2008 in kujawsko-pomorskie voivodeskie, the study Province was carried out into the species composition, abundance and dominance of butterfly cartepillars (Lepidoptera) feeding on 4 populations of dwarf everlasts Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench. The research showed that the plants were infested with butterflies representing the following families: Bucculatricidae, Coleophoridae, Lasiocampidae, Noctuidae, Nymphalidae, Pyralidae and Tortricidae. In the studied habitats the most common were: Bucculatrix gnaphaliella, Eublemma minutata, Pyrausta aerealis, Coleophora gnaphalii, Vanessa cardui and caterpillars from the genus Cnephassia.
The inflorescences of yellow everlasting collected from twenty two natural sites in the middle part of the Bug river valley and two in the Puszcza Knyszyńska forest were compared in respect to the content and composition of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Genetic distances among populations, evaluated by RAPD markers, fluctuated from 0.0968 to 0.4855. There were no dependences between genetic relationships and geographical distributions of populations, as well as between their genetic relationships and chemical compositions. The total content of flavonoids ranged from 0.15 to 0.70% and phenolic acids from 0.45 to 1.52%. As a result of the HPLC analysis no flavonoid compounds were identified, with isosalipurposide as a dominant constituent. The chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and rosmarinic acids were also detected.
During the years 2007–2008 the content of flavonoids and polyphenolic acids in inflorescences of Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench was analyzed in specimens from natural stands and plantations. Plants cultivated in experimental plots originated from in vitro plantlets. The amount of flavonoids in inflorescences from experimental plots was higher and attained its maximum at 1.19% compared with 0.84% observed for plants from natural stands. In herbal material collected in 2008 the content of flavonoids was lower. The tendency was not observed for polyphenolic acids. Within the study period their amount ranged over the interval 0.74–2.82%. It was also found that dry mass of inflorescences from natural stands was higher than that for cultivated plants by 30.9%. In contrast, the density of generative shoots was 5.2-fold higher in natural stands. It was shown that Sandy Everlasting plantations could yield up to 3.4-fold more herbal material which is of a better quality (contains more biologically active compounds) than that from natural stands.
The significance of root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi for the growth and development of Helichrysum arenarium was investigated in two independent experiments. In the first experiment the association of root colonization level with the pluviothermal conditions within the growing season and the age of a natural plant population was analyzed. In the second one, under controlled conditions, the influence of artificial inoculation with the arbuscular fungus Glomus intraradices on the features of plants raised from achenes was studied. It was shown that hydrothermal conditions during blooming period had a greater influence on reproduction processes of sandy everlasting than both the population age (the secondary succession progress) and the level of root colonization by mycorrhizal fungi. High amount of precipitation at plant generative development phase positively influences the potential and actual fertility of ramets. The presence of arbuscular fungus in the soil favors the growth and development of sandy everlasting specimens at their early growing stages: they have a better-developed root system and a greater photosynthetic area.
Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench is a perennial of the Asteraceae family. The species is partially protected in Poland. Its inflorescence is a source of valuable herbal material. The amount of fresh and dry mass of inflorescences collected from plants growing in natural stands and those obtained from experimental plantations was analyzed. The plants growing in the plantation were obtained from in vitro cultures. Germination ability of achenes was also tested. The number of flowering shoots per plant, the number of plants per area unit as well as the fresh and dry mass of inflorescences depended significantly on the soil conditions and precipitation. Cultivation of H. arenarium gives a significantly higher fresh and dry mass of inflorescences per plant and a higher yield per area unit. The yield of herbal material from a plantation can vastly exceed that from the natural stands. Stratification of achenes prior to their germination resulted in an increase in the number of seedlings by 9.6%. Germination ability markedly decreased with time. Therefore, it is likely that the achenes form a transient seed bank. Achenes from plants obtained by in vitro method exhibited the lowest germination ability, so they should not be used as seed material.
Sandy everlasting, Helichrysum arenarium, a perennial belonging to Asteraceae family, is a source of valuable herbal material and therefore is under partial protection in Poland. It grows in sunny places on sandy soils, in abandoned fields, along roadsides and in dry forests and thickets, where it enters into symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The studies on the biology, ecology and cultivation of sandy everlasting have been vigorously pursued since 2003. The aim of this work was assessing the influence of root colonisation by mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and development of H. arenarium cultivated on clayey soil. Two independent experiments (in the pots and in field) were performed. In the first one, under laboratory conditions, the effect of inoculation of soil with arbuscular fungus Glomus intraradices on the biometric features of sandy everlasting seedlings was analyzed. The second experiment was designed to show the association of the root colonisation level with the biometric features of generative shoots grown in an open field. It was demonstrated that sandy clay is an appropriate medium for growing sandy everlasting, enabling a proper development of seedlings and ensuring high inflorescence yield. The amendment of soil with inoculum resulted in a significant decrease in the mass of vegetative and generative shoot parts and made the cultivation more expensive. The inflorescence yield (Inflorescentia Helichrysi) obtained from inoculated plots was lower by 36%.
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