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The investigation aimed at assessing the quality and storability of 'Golden Deli­cious' apples. The experiment was performed in two storage seasons (2006/2007 and 2007/2008). Fruit treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and untreated fruit were stored at 1°C in normal atmosphere (NA), and in three combinations of con­trolled atmosphere (CA) with the gaseous composition of CO2:O2 - 1.5:1.5; 3.0:3.0; and 5.0:3.0. Fruit quality was assessed after 2, 4 and 6 months of storage; both imme­diately after storage and after 7 days of being kept at room temperature. In the ex­periment a drastic inhibition of the intensity of ethylene production in apples treated with 1 -MCP was noted, regardless of the conditions and the length of storage time. Treating fruit with 1-MCP as well as their storage in controlled atmosphere conditions resulted in higher flesh firmness of apples, both directly after storage and after 7 days at room temperature. In the first 4 months of storage the effect of 1 -MCP treatment on fruit quality was clearly more visible in NA than in CA. With the prolongation of storage time a constant decrease of titratable acidity in apples was observed. The rate of this process was significantly slower in the case of fruits stored in controlled atmosphere than in normal atmosphere. The differences between these storage technologies were even more visible after the shelf life than directly after storage. The post-harvest treatment of apples with 1-MCP, substantially limited the decrease of apple titratable acidity, especially under the NA conditions. Fungal diseases (grey mould rot, bull's eye rot and blue mould rot) occurred mostly on fruits stored in normal atmosphere. Treating apples with 1 -MCP usually decreased the per­centage of rotten fruits both directly after storage and after the shelf life period.
An experiment conducted in the years 1991-1994 in Garlica Murowana Experimental Station concerned the effects of foliar fertilization with chelates on the content of mineral constituents in leaves and fruits of Golden Delicious apple trees. The applied chelates were LS-Fe (5.0% + 8.0% of urea), LS-Mg (4.88%), LS-B (2.10%), and LS-4 (Fe — 1.0%, Cu — 2.0%, Zn — 2.0%, and B — 5.0%). The chelates did not increase the yield or weight of fruit. LS-4, LS-Mg, and LS-B, positively affected the hardness, extract, and pH of fruit. Foliar fertilization of trees with chelates LS-B and LS-Mg is justified since their introduction to plants increases the content of nitrogen, boron, phosphorus and magnesium in leaves. The extra-root fertilization of apple trees with chelates LS-Fe, LS-Mg, and LS-B effected an increase in the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, boron, and magnesium in fruit.
In order to achieve a high yield and quality of apple fruit, more effective ways of fertilization are required in the modern, high density apple orchards. The objective of this research was to determine the efficiency (partial nutrient balance, PNB) of different methods (foliar and fertrigation) and forms (chelates and salts) of microelements application in relation to the levels of N fertilization in apple orchard cultivar (‘Golden Delicious’). The combined effects of these fertilizers on the number of apple fruits per tree and on the yield per tree were also studied. Foliar application of Mn, Zn and Fe had significantly higher partial nutrient balance values compared to the soil application in both years of the experiment. However, most of the PNB values were below 10% indicating relatively low efficiency of the applied fertilizers with microelements.
Colour is traditionally one of the important appearance features of all fruit for consumers in deciding to buy them. Colour is therefore important in the postharvest supply chain. But where does that colour of fruit come from? Clearly the period of growing and the circumstances during growth are important for developing this im­portant feature. During several seasons (2007-2009), the skin colour of individual apples of dif­ferent cultivars ('Braeburn', 'Fuji', 'Gala', 'Golden Delicious') were measured using a Minolta CR-400 chromameter during the last 40-60 days before (commercial) har­vest. By including the biological variation between individual apples in the analyses and applying non linear indexed regression analysis based on process oriented mod­els, explained parts were obtained for the a*-value, all exceeding 90%. The estimated rate constants for the colouration process were remarkably similar for all cultivars (except 'Fuji') and growing conditions. That would indicate that the process of colouration is really reflecting the degradation of chlorophyll and not the production of red or yellow coloured blush (anthocyanins). The expected effect of growing conditions (fertilization and crop level, hail net or not, sunny side or shady side of the tree) did change the mechanism nor the kinetic parameter values but could all be attributed to the minimal obtainable skin colour (asymptotic values of the logis­tic model). This type of information from the production period may constitute an important link to postharvest supply chain management.
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