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Seasonal changes of infection were observed in the case of some species of ectoparasites: Trichodina domerguei domerguei, T. tenuidens, Gyrodactylus arcuatus, and Thersitina gasterostei, as well as for endoparasites: Glugea anomala, Schistocephalus solidus, Diphyllobothrium ditremum, and Proteocephalus filicollis. Same seasonal changes in frequency of developmental stages were observed in the case of females T. gasterostei. The highest level of infection with ectoparasites was observed in spring and summer and was probably an effect of increase of the reproductive activity with increase of temperature. Infection with tapeworms was generally low and was a result of feeding activity and fish diet.
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Kokcydia ciernika - Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.)

84%
Using the method of parasitological section and staining method H-E for histopathological sections, the author examined 281 indivuals of stickleback G. aculeatus (L.) during the years 1982-1985. In 65 individuals (lenght 2.5-6.0 cm) the presence of unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria aculeati Jastrzębski, 1984 in the intestine was found, in 27 fish of similar lenght - the presence of unsporulated oocysts of Eimeria żarnowskii Jastrzębski, 1982. Species was determined after sporulation of the oocysts in aquarium water, at 20°c. In the liver of two sticklebacks, 8.5 and 9.0 cm in lenght, numerous focuses with the oocysts of Eimeria gasterostei (Thélohan, 1890) Doflein, 1909 were found. In drying fresh smears of the liver a longitudinal, circumferential suture on the sporocyst wall was visible (fig. 1, 2) which made the authors revise the species and determine it as Goussia (Goussia) gasterostei (Thélohan, 1890) - s. Eimeria gasterostei (Thélohan, 1890) Doflein, 1909. G. gasterostei is a parasite new for Poland. Histopathological studies revealed the existence of intraplasmic meronts in the life cycle of E. aculeati, and these were classified by the authors in the following groups: 6-merozoit, 12-merozoit and 22-merozoit and are supposed to represent at least three generations of merogony. It was found that in the development of Eimeria żarnowskii the trophozoites and gamonts parasitise on the surface of the intestine epithelium (fig. 5, 6). In 19 of 265 fish two coccidia were found in the intestine: E. aculeati and E. żarnowskii. The extensity of the infection during the years 1982-85 is presented in table 1. The development forms of the parasites are presented in figs. 1-8.
Metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. have been detected in the eyes (lens, humour and under retina) of many species of fish. Adult forms occure in the intestine of piscivorous birds, mostly Laridae. Eight young black-headed gulls, Larus ridibundus (L.) were infected with eye-flukes from the eyes of three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.): five with flukes from the eye-lenses and three from the vitreous humour of eyes. After few days birds were euthanised with an ether overdose and the intestines were studied. In the intestine of experimentally infected birds were found adult stages of Diplostomum sp.
A total of 142 individuals of Gasterosteus aculeatus L. and 22 individuals of Pungitius pungitius (L.) from several areas of the coastal waters of the Gdańsk Bay both brackish- and freshwater were examined for parasites. The survey was carried out within 1988-1991. Six parasite species, namely: Gyrodactylus arcuatus, Apatemon gracilis, Sphaerostomum bramae, Phyllodistomum folium, Neoechinorhynchus rutili, and Argulus foliaceus were recovered from sticklebacks caught in freshwater habitats; while the other 4 parasites: Apatemon annuligerum, Bothriocephalus sp., Schistocephalus solidus, Proteocephalus percae occurred only in fish from brackish-water areas. Additional 5 parasites: Trichodina domerguei, Diplostomum pungitii, Diplostomum spathaceum, Rhaphidascaris acus, and Thersitina gasterostei were recorded in fishes from both habitats.
Studies were undertaken on the relationship between egg size and duration of embryogenesis in four freshwater fish species (Salmo trutta L, Esox lucius L., Gasterosteus aculeatus L., Leucaspius delineatus Heck.). Analyses were carried out in a comparative sense (different taxa) as well as with respect to eggs of the same species, or even laid by the same female. In addition to understandable differences of egg size between particular species, considerable differences were observed as regards egg size in fish of the same species, and even originating from the same female. In extreme cases the differences in egg size of the same female reached up to 11 percentage points (linear size) and over 40 (volume)! A strict relationship was found between duration of embryonic development and egg size: the smaller the egg, the shorter its embryogenesis. Biological meaning of this phenomenon has been discussed.
The three-spined stickleback Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.) has been a very frequent fish in the Baltic coastal waters. In the Baltic Sea occurred three morphological forms of the three-spined stickleback: trachurus, semiarmatus and leiurus. The distribution and frequency of all forms of the stickleback in the Baltic have been different. The examined sticklebacks were collected from the Gulf of Gdańsk (Gdynia, Puck, Hel) and the mouth of the Dead Vistula (Górki Wschodnie). The studies on the correlation between the morphological forms of the stickleback and parasites’ infestation were carried out. Some species of parasites infected first of all form trachurus or leiurus of the stickleback. Correlation was observed in some of marine parasites like Thersitina gasterostei (Pagenstecher, 1861) (Copepoda) and Gyrodactylus arcuatus (Bychowsky, 1933) (Monogenea), infected generally trachurus form. Freshwater ciliates from the family Trichodina or plerocercoids of Schistocephalus solidus (Müller, 1776) (Cestoda) were found generally on/in form leiurus.
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