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The use of the photosynthesis inhibitor metamitron, and the use of temporary arti­ficial shading as two methods of fruitlet thinning, were evaluated in 2006 and 2008 in apple trees 'Gala Must'. The use of these 2 methods used separately, were expected to induce a temporary decrease in photosynthetic intensity which would strengthen the competition between the fruitlets. This process would then lead to the abscission of the weaker ones. For this purpose, metamitron (preparation Goltix 700SC) was used. A dose of 350 mg/l was sprayed on the trees either one time (when fruitlets were 6­8 mm in diameter), or twice (the second spraying was repeated 6 days later on fruitlets 10-14 mm in diameter). Another group of trees was covered for 5 to 14 days with polipropylene material causing about a 70% reduction of light. In 2006, only the double metamitron treatment caused significant reduction of fruit set (comparable to hand thinning). This resulted in an increase in the fruit size and yield of marketable (> 70 mm) apples without negative effect on the total yield, 'internal quality' and red colour of the apples. In 2008, the good effect of thinning was noticed after one spray with metamitron, while a double treatment caused over-thinning. The single treatment with metamitron positively influenced fruit size, the distribution of apples in size classes, and yield of apples with diameters of > 70 mm. Comparable thinning was recorded in trees artificially shaded for 10 days; fruitlets were 6 to 14 mm in diameter. The uniform distribution of fruits, which were homogenous in size in the canopy of the trees, proved that both methods of thinning have high selectivity.
For breeding purposes, the number of neo-tetraploids of apple cultivars have been derived by in vitro technique. The first attempts at rooting and acclimatization of tetraploid shoots failed. The aim of the study was to develop an effective method for rooting microcuttings of apple neo-tetraploids. In the first stage of the study, in vitro rooting method was optimized for the shoots of diploid donor cultivars. Shoots were rooted on Murashige and Skoog [1962] (MS) medium with a reduced content of nitrogen, in the presence of auxins alone or in combination (indole-3-butyric acid – IBA, 1-naphthaleneacetic acid – NAA and indole- -3-acetic acid – IAA) with addition of putrescine, arginine or ornithine. The compounds were applied continuously for 25 days (one-step rooting system) or for seven days with subsequent transplanting shoots onto a medium without these compounds (two-step rooting method). Tetraploid microcuttings of the cultivars ‘Free Redstar’, ‘Gala Must’, ‘Pinova’ and ‘Redchief’ were evaluated for rooting on the selected medium considered optimal for their diploid counterparts. The shoots of all diploid apple scion cultivars had low rooting capacity. IBA alone poorly stimulated root formation. Significant improvement of rooting to 60–80% was achieved through the application of auxins, 2.5 µM IBA or 1.3 µM NAA combined with 5 µM IAA and 50 µM putrescine in the two-step rooting system with darkness and increased temperature of 26°C during seven-day induction phase. The replacement of benzyladenine (BA) by meta-Topolin (m-T) in the last multiplication subculture influenced positively shoot acclimatization. Tetraploids had comparable or slightly lower rooting and acclimatization ability compared to their diploid counterparts.
In 2003 and 2004 the volume of 'Jonagold' and 'Gala Must' (Malus domestica Borkh.) apple fruitlets and their concentrations of starch, amylose and amylopectin were assessed at two -week intervals. The investigations started in the 7th or 8th week after full bloom (WFB) and continued until harvest. 'Gala Must' apples contained, on average, about 40% more starch than 'Jonagold' apples. The dominant starch form was amylopectin; its maximum content was 68% in 'Jonagold' and 63% in 'Gala Must' apples. The dynamics of the changes of the starch content and its components, in growing and maturing apples, revealed considerable differences in both years of the experiment. In 2003, the highest starch accumulation occurred in the 7th WFB for both apple cultivars, whereas in 2004, fruits of 'Jonagold' showed the highest starch accu­mulation in the 14th week, and those of 'Gala Must' in the 12th week. At this stage, apple fruit volume was 2.5 times smaller in 2003 than in 2004. It seems that higher than average temperatures at that time were the main factor determining considerable enhancing of starch accumulation in apple fruitlets in 2003. In both years, the period of starch breakdown in 'Jonagold' apples was two weeks shorter than in 'Gala Must' apples.
Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2005-2007 w szkółce drzew owocowych w województwie kujawsko-pomorskim. Wiosną 2005 roku wysadzono podkładki wegetatywne M 9, na których latem zaokulizowano cztery odmiany jabłoni: ‘Gala Must’, ‘Gloster’, ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ i ʻPiros’. W czerwcu na okulantach zastosowano następujące warianty doświadczenia: kontrolę, uszczykiwanie liści szczytowych, oprysk preparatem Arbolin 036 SL. Zabiegi uszczykiwania liści wykonywano trzykrotnie w czerwcu. Oprysk Arbolinem 036 SL w dawce 25 ml na litr wody wykonano w pierwszej dekadzie lipca. Po zakończeniu wegetacji mierzono średnicę pni, wysokość drzewek oraz liczbę i długość pędów bocznych. W 2007 roku wiosną powtórzone zostały wszystkie ww. zabiegi na drzewkach tych samych odmian prowadzonych w formie knipboom (dwuletnie drzewka z jednoroczną koronką). Jakość drzewek w szkółce zależała od odmiany. Drzewka odmiany ‘Gala Must’ odznaczały się najlepszą jakością. Zastosowane zabiegi agrotechniczne na obydwu typach drzewek badanych odmian wpływały na silniejszy ich wzrost i wytwarzanie większej liczby pędów bocznych. Wyjątek stanowiły drzewka jednoroczne odmiany ‘Gala Must’, których wysokość nie zależała od zastosowanych kombinacji. Podobną zależność odnotowano na drzewkach odmiany ʻGlosterʼ w przypadku przyrostu rocznego pni oraz u drzewek dwuletnich odmiany ‘Golden Delicious Reinders’ w przypadku liczby pędów o przyrostach poniżej 20 cm.
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