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Geographic Information Systems were classified as one of the most important technological „inventions” of the 20th century for geography. GIS, as the content of lectures, and later as a university subject, was introduced at Polish universities and colleges relatively late - only at the beginning of the 1990s. At first, it was an extension of the content scope discussed within the framework of cartography and topography, and only later - as independent lectures and practical classes. An excellent supplement to the content of lectures and practical workshops, as well as an indication of proper students' attitudes towards geoinformation is the International GIS Day organized every year in November for more than 10 years in Poland and worldwide. The objective of this event is to popularize the knowledge about geoinformation systems and their broad applications. The first celebration of this day took place on the 18th of November 1999 in several countries at the same time, and the proposed theme - 'application of GIS is limited only by the imagination of people who use it' - remains valid until now. Since the first shows, one can observe an increasing number of countries and academic, institutional and commercial centres introducing the modern geography to all who are interested in it through this open and interesting form. The research aimed at analysing the previous celebrations of the GIS Day in Poland (2000-2010), as well as making an attempt to determine the significance of this form of sharing the knowledge and skills in geographic education.
The objective of this paper was to test in practical conditions possibilities of the application of GIS to design multi-variant educational pathways in the forest. An attempt was also made to develop a system of management of spatial information which makes it possible to design different alternatives of pathways in a specific forest complex. Nearly every fragment of the forest can be used to create educational paths. Usually, areas characterised by a considerable variability, situated in regions easily accessible for people are selected for such purposes. In the case of a strongly diverse area, the creation of multi-variant paths may be an ideal solution by providing different routes for persons of different ages and levels of education. There can also be theme alternatives presenting different problems or variants intended for selected ways of movement. GIS is very useful when designing many variants of educational pathways in one area. This system facilitates data collection at the phase of field inventory and allows designing many different alternative routes, as well as managing them in the course of their utilization.
This paper uses GIS to describe and evaluate forest fire risk considering the most important factors affecting fire behavior at fine scales. The study was implemented in Yeşilova Forestry Enterprise in the Mediterranean city of Kahramanmaraş, Turkey. To determine an overall fire risk index for the study area, fire risk rating (extreme, high, moderate, or low) was assigned to decision variables (i.e. species composition, stand development stage, stand crown closure, slope, insolation, settlements, and roads) according to their risk potentials. Additionally, the visibility analysis of fire towers was carried out for monitoring of forests in the case study area. Finally, visibility analysis and a forest fire risk map were evaluated together for determining the efficiency of fire towers. Results indicated that more than half of the total forested area (65.7%) was classified as low category in the fire risk map. According to visibility analysis, the existing fire tower was able to monitor only 37% of forest areas; therefore, it was essential to consider new fire towers for monitoring the overall study area. After locating a potential new fire tower in the study area, it was found that about 71.8% of the area was with the visible zones of two fire towers.
Areas with the permanent natural handicaps resulting in higher production costs are defined by European Union as Less-Favoured Farming Areas (LFA). The need of delimitation of LFA has been caused by the necessary adjustment of the Polish agriculture policy to the requirements of the European Union in connection with Poland's application for the membership. The main goal of the presented method is to support the Polish Ministry of Agriculture in their efforts to work out the future agricultural policy concerning LFA in accordance with the EU regulations. The conceptual model of the LFA GIS system for purpose of the agricultural management was prepared, the database was designed and established, the procedures of LFA delimitation with the use of ARC/INFO and ArcView software were elaborated and tested. The design of GIS is open and flexible. It is open for further development, for adding new data or new delimitation conditions. The flexibility of the system means that all data are easily available to the user, offering the possibility of adaptation to changes in binding legal regulations and standards.
The issue of sustainable tourism within valuable natural areas has been extensively discussed ever since the emergence of sustainable development philosophy in the 1990s. In view of growing public interest in nature recreation and tourism development, the importance of addressing this subject matter has hitherto increased significantly. The main objective of the present paper was to offer a tool for supporting development and promotion of sustainable tourism in Poland’s forests managed by the State Forests – National Forest Holding. GIS technology, and specific tools for network analysis were used in the project. During task realization, only free and open software sources were used. The work was performed based on the example of the Forest District Żołędowo (Regional Directorate of State Forests in Toruń, Poland) with the use of District’s spatial data resources. A web application was created to present information about tourist attractions and infrastructure on an interactive map with tools for route planning. As a result, there has been developed the web mapping application which provides general access to tourism related information and enables planning touristic routes by pre-specified criteria. Implemented routing algorithms can help traffic management and further protection of the areas vulnerable to anthropogenic pressures. The system created not only promotes attractive tourist sites but also, supports targeting tourist traffic, and accordingly – adds to the progress of sustainable tourism.
River bank erosion, accretion and lateral channel migration are the most important geomorphological processes, which attract a great deal of attention from river engineering scientist over the last century. In the presented study, we assessed how the river’s shape and position have changed during 1958–2013 period using remote sensing and GIS. We have identified that the total area of bank erosion during given period equalled 8.3430 km2, of which 3.2593 km2 were on the left bank and 5.0837 km2 on the right bank. The total area of bank accretion from 1958 to 2013 equalled 10.7074 km2, of which 5.4115 km2 was on the left bank and 5.2958 km2 on the right bank. The Bosna riverbed average movement in the period 1958–2013 was established in the amount of 132.4 m. During this period, the average lateral channel migration was 2.5 m per year. The data presented here are significant for practical issues such as predicting channel migration rates for engineering and planning purposes, soil and water management.
Methodological assumptions and analytical methods for the economic and ecological evaluation of the multifunctional spatial systems have been formulated. GIS systems have been used in analyses. This enabled a computer-aided design and restructuring of spatial systems of various functions including collection, storage and multilevel and multiaspect data processing.
The work presents theoretical bases of an indicator for estimating the arrangement of rural roads in a terrain relief. The indicator bases on the comparison between azimuths of agricultural roads and terrain aspect. The physical interpretation of the indicator is meant as planar angle between the road and the theoretical line ideally perpendicular to slope. Thanks to the physical, non-expert basis of the indicator it is possible to choose arbitrary ranges and thresholds by classifying roads to perpendicular-, diagonal- and along- slope arrangement classes.
Agricultural nitrogen surplus is the main non-point source of nitrates in groundwater and thus accounts for the most sustaining component of the surface waters nitrogen load. To analyse the underlying processes at the catchment scale, an efficient GIS-based approach has been developed called MODEST - Modelling Diffuse Entries via Subsurface Trails. Grid techniques allow for process-oriented distributed modelling the long-term transport and degradation of dissolved nitrate along the underground passage through the unconsolidated rock region. Highly differentiated regional studies are feasible with reasonable computing time. A database has been compiled for the transnational Odra Basin containing digital information of land use, nitrogen balance, water budget, soils, groundwater table, and the river network. MODEST was calibrated and validated using calculated historical nitrogen balances as well as discharge values and N concentrations recently measured in rivers of selected catchments between 500 and 5,000 km2 in Poland and Germany. Case studies were performed for the present state of subsurface nonpoint source nitrogen flows in the Odra River basin and for scenarios with modified nitrogen surplus. Results have been evaluated in terms of the nitrogen load potentially to be received by the rivers.
Within the research project: "Rationalization of marginal soils utilization" a database on the distribution of marginal soils based on natural criteria and included in the spatial information system has been developed in IMUZ. The main aim of the study was to identify and inventory marginal croplands in the regional scale. Basing on elaborated definitions and criteria for distinguishing marginal soils and habitats, a possibility of their identification upon the available cartographic documentation was analyzed. The possibility to inventory four types of marginal soils (sandy, erosive, polluted and mountain) on arable lands and five types of marginal habitats (bog, protected, extremely wet, polluted and mountain) on grasslands was demonstrated. For enlisted types of marginal soils and habitats, identification models in tabular form were built, which, after transformation into algorithms, were introduced into processing module in the created spatial information system. Elaborated identification system was tested on four regions differing in agricultural and natural conditions. The inventory of potential marginal croplands in the regional scale was found to be possible using computer techniques and collecting data acquired from the existing thematic maps. Obtained results confirm regional specifics of surface structure and sets of typical marginal soils and habitats. One of the main objectives of the research project: "Rationalization of marginal soils utilization" was to solve the problem of their identification and inventory in the regional and country scale. This paper presents principles of identification of marginal croplands based on the existing thematic maps and using elaborated identification models to build transformation algorithms in the spatial information system. Additionally, results of the inventory of marginal agricultural lands in selected regions are presented.
A method has been developed for application on a regional scale to determine a historical reference on groundwater level and upward seepage which can be used for the determination of optimal groundwater conditions in nature conservation areas. This ‘historical reference’ is based on fossil soil characteristics, detailed topographical information, historical land use maps, and geohydrological information. The method is especially applicable for the higher sandy, pleistocene areas of the Netherlands. Environmental agencies have a strong need for well defined historical hydrological situation in nature conservation as they were defined in this study.
In reference to some problems of the development of rural areas in Poland, results have been presented of the economic-spatial analysis related to selected social, economic and ecological factors and their spatial differentiation in the national, regional and local aspect. In the presented problem maps, GIS technique has been applied with the use of computer Local Database (BDL) of the Main Statistical Office (GUS). Determinants of the sustainable development of agriculture and rural areas have been discussed. Spatial differentiation has been characterized according to communes and socio-economic determinants, which included: population density, population associated with agriculture and directly with the farm, people who make a living of agriculture, education degree, population in the working age, the level of economic development. Some ecological-economic determinants have been characterized as well: areas of nature and landscape protection, watersheds, that require a special protection, areas of a large scale environmental hazard and the spatial differentiation of water and sewage management.
The paper describes changes in the distribution and the surface area of heaths during the last, nearly 120 years at two research sites located in the city of Toruń. The first site "JAR" is a former land of military manoeuvres in the northern part of the city, where a unit of the Soviet Army had been stationed after the 2nd World War till 1991. The second site "Glinki", situated at the south-western end of the city, was also exploited as a military land. During the 2nd World War, a German prisoner-of-war camp was located here, and after the war some industrial plants were built and allotment gardens were established, whereas part of the area was treated as a wasteland. The history of both areas and the vegetation changes were reconstructed from the series of temporal topographic maps and aerial photos, as well as a high-resolution Ikonos satellite image. The aforementioned source materials were analysed with the technology of Geographical Information Systems, applying the software Arc-GIS ArcView 9.3. For both sites, the range was determined, as well as the number of patches with common heather and the total area of heaths in particular years of land cover and land use mapping. The present state of heaths was defined based on the direct field exploration carried out with the use of GPS navigational devices. It was found that at present 22 heather patches occur at the site JAR, with the total area of11.7328 ha. Within the Glinki district, also 22 heather patches occur with the total area of 3.5701 ha. And thus, these are the largest sites of heaths located within the administrative boundaries of Toruń. Data collected through the field exploration of the site JAR were superimposed on the spatial development plan of the future housing estate. At an intersection of both information layers, fragments of the area were outlined where heaths can be preserved after the construction of a housing estate is completed. Their area is small. In the area of the Glinki district, the rate of expansion of industrial areas was determined for the last several years, as well as future changes in the land use were discussed, which will arise due to a housing estate scheduled for building here. The aforementioned analyses enabled to evaluate the present developmental state of both research areas, as well as to determine the future of low shrub communities, which occur here and which constitute a type of an ecological system listed among the UE protected habitats. The obtained results increase our knowledge on heaths in Toruń, and at the same time - also in Poland and in Europe.
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