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Dealate gynes of Formica pratensis Retz., after their nuptial flight, were observed heading for colonies of their potential temporary host species in a jsand dune habitat în southern Finland. Two F. pratensis gynes, one within a nest area of Formica cinerea Mayr, and one close to a nest of Formica lusatica Seifert, were noticed walking with a F. cinerea and F. lusatica worker respectively in their mandibles. So far such peculiar behaviour preceding dependent colony founding has only been known in gynes of the subgenus Chthonolasius Ruzs., obligate temporary social parasites. Observations were carried on in June 2006.
Formica cinerea Mayr is supposed to be the top dominant of ant communities in successional sandy habitats, whereas wood ant species, e.g. F. rufa L., play this role in forests. These species often co-occur in overlapping habitats. The aim of the study was to recognize competitive interrelations between them in the broad ecological aspect of relations with local subordinate species, including F. fusca L., Tetramorium caespitum (L.) and Myrmica schencki Viereck. Study area was a sand dune slope surrounded by pine forest at Tvärminne, S Finland, where F. cinerea nest complexes were encircled by F. rufa colonies. Baiting experiments, preceded by ‘nudum’ observations were carried out. The presumption that F. rufa would influence the activity of F. cinerea was not supported by the results. No-ant zones separated the territories of these two species almost through the total length of the boundary of the F. cinerea range. The outcome of interspecific interactions within the multi-species community studied corresponded with the species competitive status generally. The results are discussed in the context of interspecific competition hierarchy in ants and succession of ant communities.
The paper is devoted to enslavement of adult Formica cinerea cinerea Mayr workers by Formica sanguinea Latr., a phenomenon hitherto unknown under natural conditions. Suc enslavement follows periodic invasions and temporary occupation of nests of slave species by F. sanguinea. During the occupation of their nest, some F. cinerea workers join the occupants colony. The studies were made m Poland and in Finland between 1994 and 1996.
A case of a queenright colony of Formica pratensis Retz. mixed with the workers of F. cinerea Mayr and some workers of F. sanguinea Latr. is described. The colony characterized by this composition has evolved from a pure F. cinerea colony that had been raided by F. sanguinea two years earlier. Another conflict with the same F. sangui nea revealed the composition of this colony. The presumed circumstances of the origin of the specific mixed colony are discussed in this paper.
Some literature reports show that ants use bodies of their dead nestmates and other insect remains in conflict situations. The paper describes such phenomenon in a Formica rufa L. colony brought into conflict with a F. cinerea Mayr colony when the former tried to extend its own territory at the expense of the latter. A territorially stable F. rufa colony, neighbouring the same F. cinerea colony, served as control. Workers of the expansive F. rufa colony were repeatedly observed to carry numerous ant corpses, empty pupal cocoons and insect leftovers from their nest to the place of confrontation with F. cinerea, on a much bigger scale than workers of the stable F. rufa colony. Corpse-carrying intensity was not correlated with the general activity level of foragers which suggests that corpse carriers could be a separate task group. Workers of a small colony of F. cinerea were also observed to surround their nest entrance with corpses of their nestmates and prey remains, taken out from inside the nest, in response to intensified traffic of workers of F. rufa in the vicinity of their nest. These results are discussed in the context of a possible interrelation between ant aggressive behaviour and transport behaviour. Two hypotheses are proposed to explain the observed phenomenon: (1) explaining it as a by-product of the aggressive arousal of workers, and (2) ascribing to it a possible signalling function in conflict situations.
The species composition, nest density, structure and ecological profile of an ant community were studied within a transect encompassing the forest interior, forest edge and a belt-shaped clearing in a moist mixed pine forest habitat (Querco roboris-Pinetum) in the Kampinos Forest (Central Poland) in the context of direct and indirect human impact and the bioindicator importance of ants. Altogether, 19 ant species were found; the most abundant ones (in respect of number of nests) in the entire habitat under study were Temnothorax crassispinus (Karav.) and Myrmica rubra (L.). All analysed parameters of individual subcommunities, except for nest density (highest on the forest edge, lowest in the cleared belt), showed a gradient pattern of variability, with species richness and the index of general diversity increasing and the dominance index decreasing within the transect from the forest interior to the cleared belt. Differences between the two subcommunities from the forested area (forest interior and forest edge), both highly dominated by T. crassispinus, were, in every way, much smaller than those between either of them and the subcommunity from the cleared area, where M. rubra prevailed.
The paper presents four cases of territorial ant colonies interfering in the course of Formica sanguinea Latr. raids against slave species which nest next to or in their territories. In three cases, Formica rufa L., when protecting its own territory, forced out (one case) or held (two cases) a raiding column of F. sanguinea, thus “saving” local Formica fusca L. nests from danger. In one case, Lasius fuliginosus (Latr.) did not let a F. sanguinea column pass its territory; to reach its target (a colony of Formica cinerea Mayr), the column had to by-pass the foreign territory.
Instances of presumed plesiobiosis (compound nests) of Lasius umbratus (Nyl.) with Formica sanguinea Latr. and of L. umbratus with Polyergus rufescens (Latr.) are presented. At the time of nuptial flights, on the surface of nests of the dulotic species (both with enslaved Formica cinerea Mayr workers) appeared young queens of a given slave-keeper and queens of L. umbratus; local workers of F. sanguinea and (or) of F. cinerea treated them in the same way. The phenomenon was observed from 1992 to 1995 near Puławy (S-E Poland).
Lasius psammophilus Seifert and Formica cinerea Mayr can both be found on sand dunes in high densities. Sometimes they even nest in each other's immediate neighbourhood, which implies the possibility of conflicts, and the existence of mechanisms for avoiding contest competition. In such case an appropriate method is the analysis of the distribution and behaviour of foraging individuals around their colonies in the absence and in the presence of baits. The results show that the higher foraging activity of L. psammophilus with lower temperature and higher humidity as compared to F. cinerea, as well as the lack of spatial interference assures a relatively peaceful coexistence even in the case of neighbouring colonies. While L. psammophilus is characterized by fortuitousness regarding the chances of discovering food sources, F. cinerea foragers search more thoroughly around their colonies. Conflicts can arise over large food sources, which conflicts are usually won by F. cinerea. However, the more efficient recruitment system of L. psammophilus (earlier start and higher intensity), allows this species dominate at clumped food patches when the climatic conditions are favourable. The possible ways of coexistence are discussed, as well as the species' positions in the competition hierarchy.
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