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This paper examines the shoreline management planning policy in England and its suitability for ameliorating the diverse environmental problems associated with Nigeria‟s coastal zones. It examines the success of SMPs in England since the mid-1990s and progress achieved, with the aim of understudying the current management approach that can be transferred to Nigeria to strengthen its adoption, and as a necessary corollary, implementation of the SMPs. This paper also examines key elements of the shoreline management frameworks in England and provides answers to the question: Would shoreline management planning approach in England be appropriate and feasible in Nigeria? It further concludes that many of the action plans and principles of participation should be adoptable provided that a participatory approach that involves all stakeholders including community members and relevant sectoral ministries as well as appropriate legal framework is encouraged.
In Monks Wood National Nature Reserve in Cambridgeshire, England, the death occurred of approximately half of a large, feral population of muntjac deer Muntiacus reevesi (Ogilby, 1839} during January to April 1994. From their body mass and from post-mortem examination, the deer were evidently starving, and pneumonia was the ultimate cause of death in a number of cases. The incident coincided with increased foraging activity. Mortality was much reduced in 1995. Examination of a sample of deer shot in 1995 indicated body mass to be higher than for the 1994 casualties, but still lower than for deer from other sites. Without direct management of the popu­lation, future mortality incidents may be anticipated when the winter population is relatively high or weather conditions unfavourable.
Helmeted frogs with co−ossified skulls (Thaumastosaurus) were previously known in Europe only in the Eocene on the basis of Thaumastosaurus bottii from southwestern France and Thaumastosaurus wardi from coastal southern England. We describe Thaumastosaurus sulcatus, that differs from these species in having a different dermal sculpture pattern and tooth morphology. We suggest that the auburn colored tooth crown tips in T. sulcatus, as in some other vertebrates, reflect extra hardness for protection against tooth wear. Autochthonous Thaumastosaurus species in southern England support the concept that southern England and southwestern France were distinct faunal provinces in the Late Eocene.
A new albanerpetontid, Wesserpeton evansae gen. et sp. nov., from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian) Wessex Formation of the Isle of Wight, southern England, is described. Wesserpeton is established on the basis of a unique combination of primitive and derived characters relating to the frontals and jaws which render it distinct from currently recognized albanerpetontid genera: Albanerpeton (Late Cretaceous to Pliocene of Europe, Early Cretaceous to Paleocene of North America and Late Cretaceous of Asia); Celtedens (Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous of Europe); and Anoualerpeton (Middle Jurassic of Europe and Early Cretaceous of North Africa). Although Wesserpeton exhibits considerable intraspecific variation in characters pertaining to the jaws and, to a lesser extent, frontals, the new taxon differs from Celtedens in the shape of the internasal process and gross morphology of the frontals in dorsal or ventral view. It differs from Anoualerpeton in the lack of pronounced heterodonty of dentary and maxillary teeth; and in the more medial loca− tion and direction of opening of the suprapalatal pit. The new taxon cannot be referred to Albanerpeton on the basis of the morphology of the frontals. Wesserpeton currently represents the youngest record of Albanerpetontidae in Britain.
Insect remains preserved as fusain (mineral charcoal) are reported from the Lower Weald Clay (early Cretaceous: Hauterivian) of the English Weald. The ultrastructure, geochemistry and a new species Coleopteron semicrematus sp. nov. are described. Fusainised Coleoptera may represent a bush community prone to wildfire.
The spatial distribution of urine and faecal scent marks of badgers Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) at low population density (mean ± SE across 4 social groups was 5.73 ± 0.735 badgers/km2) in south-western England were quantified. Eighteen badger latrines (greater than one dung pit containing faeces), 74 single defecations not in pits and 21 faeces in single pits were located in spring when badgers were defending well-defined territories. Woodland was selected, and arable land avoided, for latrine sites. Pasture and built-up land was selected for single defecations not in pits whereas faeces in single pits were distributed randomly across habitat types. Faecal scent marks were strongly associated with the edge of pastoral fields rather than the middle. Forty-six and 51 urinations were located in spring and summer, respectively. Urine was deposited randomly across habitat types but was concentrated at the linear features surrounding the main setts. This is the first reported use of high levels of single defecations and urinations in badger scent marking strategies in the UK. These results are discussed in relation to the potential for transmission of bovine tuberculosis Mycobacterium bovis from badger excreta to cattle.
Diphterostomum betencourti is reported from the catshark Scyliorhinus canicula from the Solent off the Isle of Wight in southern England. This is the first record of this parasite in British waters. The species is partly redescribed from unflattened and flattened material. These specimens clearly show a distinct uterine seminal receptacle, a most unusual feature for members of the family Zoogonidae.
Results of a four-year, mark-recapture study of a high-density population of Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 inhabiting grassland are reported. The population showed regular cycles of abundance between seasons and differences between years. Captures were not related to ambient temperature or rainfall, and population numbers showed no consistent correlation with winter weather conditions. Immigration and dispersal occurred throughout the year but were lowest in winter. Fifty-five percent of males and 35% of females in the breeding population were immigrants. Shrews underwent an autumn-winter weight loss of 12-19% but there was no evidence that weather conditions affected seasonal or annual patterns of weight change. There were no significant differences in body mass between resident and transient (and dispersing) young or between resident and immigrant adults. Weather conditions affected neither monthly survival, nor annual winter mortality rate which was 21-48%. Onset of sexual maturity was not affected by time of birth, but early-born cohorts had better survival rates at all stages than did late-born cohorts. There were significant differences in survival between cohorts born in different years but these were not correlated with weather conditions or population density.
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