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In our experiment, 3 species-specific primer pairs cultivated in cell lines were used: Encephalitozoon cuniculi-specific primer pairs (ECUNF and ECUNR), Encephalitozoon hellem-specific primer pairs (EHELF and EHELR), and Encephalitozoon intestinalis-specific primer pairs (SINTF and SINTR). The PCR products were estimated to be 550 bp in E. cuniculi, 547 bp in E. hellem and 545 bp in E. intestinalis respectively, which can prove the precision and reliability of this method in the species identification of the genus Encephalitozoon. All 3 primer pairs were species-specific and none of them amplified gene sequences from other Encephalitozoon spp.
Encephalitozoon cuniculi is an obligatory intracellular microsporidian parasite that can infect a wide range of mammals, including rodents, rabbits, horses, carnivores and humans. The main host for E. cuniculi is the rabbit, and infections usually have a sub-clinical course. Clinical symptoms observed in sick animals are those from the central nervous system and the urinary tract. The diagnosis and treatment of encephalitozoonosis in rabbits is difficult. Causal treatment involves the administration of the benzimidazole class of drugs, which demonstrate activity against protozoa. In symptomatic treatment, steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may be administered to reduce the swelling of the brain. Flatulence is treated with formulations containing dimethicone or simethicone. The aim of this paper was to present the authors’ observations concerning the standards of rabbit encephalitozoonosis therapy.
Infection with the intracellular microsporidium Encephalitozoon cuniculi can cause a serious disease - encephalitozoonosis in various animals and people. Several species of mammals, including the horse, were seem to be potential sources of encephalitozoonosis for animal as well as human hosts. The disease diagnosis is based on clinical signs, pathological findings, and the detection of E. cuniculi or circulating antibodies directed against the parasite. This study investigates the seroconversion to E. cuniculi in horses admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and 3 different private horse-riding farms across Israel. Antibodies to E. cuniculi were determined using the IFA test in the sera from 102 horses. Of 72 asymptomatic horses, 60% were seropositive and 19% of the positive samples showed a titter of 1:512. Of 30 horses with various clinical signs, 80% were seropositive and 68% of the positive samples showed a titer of 1:512. High titers were associated with colic and neurological signs. This could prove to be interesting if the high percentages of prevalence of antibodies level in horses are an indication of health risk in humans.
A total of 47 avian faecal samples of wild waterfowl (great cormorant — Phalacrocorax carbo, great crested grebe — Podiceps cristatus, white stork — Ciconia ciconia) trapped in the eastern Slovakia were screened for the presence of human pathogenic microsporidia by microscopy and real-time SYBR Green PCR method using species primers and sequenced. Microscopic analysis showed presence in 32 samples (29 cormorants, 3 dippers). Microsporidial DNA (Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I) was identified in 19 faeces samples (40.4%) namely cormorants in 17 out of 40, one dipper of 5 and a stork out of 2. The present work describes three new host species of the bird population in microsporidium Encephalitozoon cuniculi genotype I which confirms the theory of low specificity of this species.
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