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A single middle trunk vertebra from the Sakurado Facies of the Yamanouchi Member of the Akeyo Formation (late Early Miocene), Mizunami City, central Japan, is identified as cf.Trimeresurus (a living crotaline genus) based on the very close morphological similarity of the fossil to the modern and Pleistocene species Trimeresurus flavoviridis (HALLOWELL, 1861) and on zoogeographic grounds. This is the oldest record of the Crotalinae from Asia. Additional fossil material of this crotaline is needed in order to make a more specific identification.
We describe a fossil hydrophilid beetle Anacaena paleodominica sp. nov. from the Early Miocene amber of the Dominican Republic, which is the only definitive amber inclusion of the family Hydrophilidae documented. The species belongs to the Recent Anacaena suturalis species group known from the Nearctic, Neotropical, and Australian regions. The fossil demonstrates that representatives of the species group may already have been widespread and common by the Early Miocene, and indicates a possible Miocene/post-Miocene extinction of the aquatic insect fauna on the island of Hispaniola.
Sampling of latest Burdigalian (Miocene) silty clays from the Malé Karpaty Mountains in the Slovakia revealed a deep−water, low diversity shark fauna. The fauna is dominated by teeth of very small squaliform sharks, including two new species, Eosqualiolus skrovinai sp. nov. and Paraetmopterus horvathi sp. nov. The generic composition of the squaliform fauna is more similar to that known from the Eocene than that of today, suggesting a post–early Miocene faunal turnover within this clade, at least locally. Nectobenthic, non squaliform sharks are rare, but include the new sawshark species Pristiophorus striatus sp. nov., while minute teeth of an enigmatic taxon described here as Nanocetorhinus tuberculatus gen. et sp. nov. probably indicate the presence of a previously unrecorded planktivore. The unusual composition of the fauna, with the complete absence of taxa known to be of medium to large size, suggests an unusual, and probably very stressed, palaeoenvironment.
The Megacricetodon material from Aliveri (Isle of Evia, Greece) was previously assigned to Megacricetodon primitivus, implying palaeobiogeographical relationship between south-eastern and south-western Europe. The material from Aliveri is here assigned to the new species Megacricetodon hellenicus sp. nov. This form has significant morphological differences compared to other Early Miocene species from Europe. This new evolutionary hypothesis of this genus has implications on the Early Miocene paleobiogeography of Europe. This work presents a new interpretation on the earliest European representative of the genus Megacricetodon from Aliveri localities. Analyses of the Megacricetodon material from MN 4 and MN 5 localities enable to propose a new palaeobiogeographical framework in which there are three main migration events of the genus Megacricetodon into Europe, each corresponding to different lineages that evolved independently. The new Greek taxon is considered the first migration wave from Anatolia, representing an endemic lineage different from any other European Megacricetodon.
New suid and sanithere material from Wadi Moghra, early Miocene, Egypt, is described and discussed. The new material greatly improves the sample size and diversity of suoids known from North Africa, and includes one species of Sanitheriidae and three species of Kubanochoerinae. The Moghra suoid assemblage most closely resembles that from Gebel Zelten, Libya, suggesting that at least part of the Moghra deposits may overlap in time with part of Zelten, i.e., is equivalent in age to MN 4–5 of the European mammal zonation, or PIII of the East African one. Information from suids and sanitheres is consistent with previous interpretations, that the Moghra deposits were formed under swampy and littoral paleoenvironmental conditions.
The Early Miocene Merkur−North locality (MN 3a) represents the oldest known Miocene ophidian locality in Europe east of Germany. The snake assemblage is characterised by high species diversity and includes the following families: Boidae (Bavarioboa sp.), Colubridae (Coluber dolnicensis, Coluber suevicus, Coluber caspioides, cf. Elaphe sp., Natrix merkurensis sp. nov., Natrix sansaniensis), Elapidae (Elapidae gen. et sp. indet.), and Viperidae (Vipera sp.—“Vipera aspis” complex). Fossils of the extinct species, Coluber dolnicensis, Coluber suevicus, and Natrix sansaniensis, represent their earliest known occurrences. The cranial elements of C. suevicus and N. sansaniensis are described for the first time. Discoveries of cf. Elaphe sp. may represent the earliest fossil member of the genus Elaphe. Elapidae gen. et sp. indet. probably represents the oldest known member of the cobras.
The brown frogs (Rana temporaria-group) are a monophyletic group in the family Ranidae, which have a scarce fossil record in Europe that begins only in the Late Pliocene. A new fossil from the Dietrichsberg locality (Germany, Thuringia) extends their stratigraphic range back to the Early Miocene, and suggests that their origin lies outside the Western Palaearctic, most probably in Asia, with subsequent immigration in the Burdigalian.
A new genus and species, Banderomys leanzai, from the Cerro Bandera Formation (early Miocene?) of Neuquén province, Argentina, is described. It is known through a mandibular fragment with two molars and several isolated cheek teeth. With wear the upper molars develop a bilobate pattern, whereas the lowers molars attain a trilophodont one. Banderomysis referred to the Cephalomyidae because it has an “asymmetric” dental pattern as other members of the family, but it is less hypsodont, and therefore it is more primitive than any other contemporary or older cephalomyids so far known. A phylogenetic analysis suggests that the relationships between the Cephalomyidae and the Cavioidea are closer than what was traditionally assumed. The cephalomyids would have radiated in pre−Deseadan times, from an ancestor with a dentition very close to that of Banderomys, and reached their main diversity during the Deseadan–Colhuehuapian lapse, when they constituted the dominant hypsodont rodent group in South America.
Limestone erratics in the Early Miocene glacio−marine Cape Melville Formation of King George Island, West Antarctica, have yielded Early and Middle Cambrian small skeletal fossils (SSF) accompanied by calcified cyanobacteria, archaeocyath and spiculate sponges, trilobites and echinoderms. The SSF assemblage comprises disarticulated sclerites of chancelloriids, halkieriids, tommotiids, lapworthellids, palaeoscolecids, hyolithelminths, lingulate brachiopods, helcionelloid molluscs, hyoliths, and bradoriids. All 24 described species are common to Antarctica and Australia. Most are recorded here from Antarctica for the first time, including Shetlandia multiplicata gen. et sp. nov. and two new species Byronia? bifida and Hadimopanella staurata. The lithological and fossil contents of the boulders are almost identical with autochthonous assemblages from the Shackleton Limestone in the Argentina Range and Transantarctic Mountains. Cambrian outcrops around the Weddell Sea are a plausible source of the erratics. The fauna is closely similar to that from the uppermost Botomian Wilkawillina Limestone in the Flinders Ranges and Parara Limestone on Yorke Peninsula, and Toyonian Wirrealpa and Aroona Creek Limestones in the Flinders Ranges, as well as the Ramsay Limestone on Yorke Peninsula, all in the Arrowie and Stansbury Basins of South Australia. These very similar faunal and facies successions for Antarctica and Australia strongly support their common biotic and sedimentary evolution on the same margin of a greater Gondwana supercontinent throughout the Early Cambrian.
Cenozoic insect fauna of northwestern Bohemia is preserved in fluviolacustrine deposits of the Krušné hory piedmont basins and the České středohoří Mts. The fossil insect assemblages are correlated with palaeobotanical results. The local palaeoenvironmental conditions such as the distance from the shoreline or water depth are interpreted. A reflection of changes in distribution of fossil entomofaunas is compared with relevant world localities of different palaeoenvironments. The sparse fossil insect taphocoenoses fill a gap in record of significant diverse non-marine invertebrate communities and serve for reconstruction of terrestrial palaeoecosystems. The selected fossil sites demonstrate insect taphocoenoses formed under conditions of the palaeoenvironment of a diatomaceous lake with subtropical forests (Kučlín), lowlands of riparian and mesophytic forests (Kundratice - Seifhennersdorf), warm-temperate swamp to riparian forests (Bílina mine) and lake sedimentation near mixed mesophytic forests (Mokřina). The aim is to compare fossil entomofaunas from several periods within Tertiary in northwestern Bohemia and search for analogous palaeoenvironmental conditions in other areas. The results are correlated with the previously proposed palaeobotanical models.
Fish remains described from the early Miocene lacustrine Bannockburn Formation of Central Otago, New Zealand, consist of several thousand otoliths and one skeleton plus another disintegrated skull. One species, Mataichthys bictenatus Schwarzhans, Scofield, Tennyson, and T. Worthy gen. et sp. nov., an eleotrid, is established on a skeleton with otoliths in situ. The soft embedding rock and delicate, three−dimensionally preserved fish bones were studied by CT−scanning technology rather than physical preparation, except where needed to extract the otolith. Fourteen species of fishes are described, 12 new to science and two in open nomenclature, representing the families Galaxiidae (Galaxias angustiventris, G. bobmcdowalli, G. brevicauda, G. papilionis, G. parvirostris, G. tabidus), Retropinnidae (Prototroctes modestus, P. vertex), and Eleotridae (Mataichthys bictenatus, M. procerus, M. rhinoceros, M. taurinus). These findings prove that most of the current endemic New Zealand/southern Australia freshwater fish fauna was firmly established in New Zealand as early as 19–16 Ma ago. Most fish species indicate the presence of large fishes, in some cases larger than Recent species of related taxa, for instance in the eleotrid genus Mataichthys when compared to the extant Gobiomorphus. The finding of a few otoliths from marine fishes corroborates the age determination of the Bannockburn Formation as the Altonian stage of the New Zealand marine Tertiary stratigraphy.
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