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The moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L., Lamiaceae) is an annual plant native in Central Asia and naturalized in Eastern and Central Europe where it is used in folk medicine as antiseptic and stimulating remedy. We carried out qualitative and quantitative phytochemical investigations on moldavian dragonhead herb and on its extracts (tincture and infusion). Plant samples were gathered in different stages of the ontogenesis from cultures in Hungary and Romania (Transylvania). In herb gathered during the reproductive stage of the ontogenesis we measured 0.83% (v/m) of essential oil, in which we identified by GC analysis five main components: geranyl acetate: 33.1%; geranial: 28.2%; neral: 19.8 %; geraniol: 8.2% and neryl acetate: 2.4%. In the essential oil distilled from tincture the geranyl acetate (58.2%) was the main component while in the volatile oil distilled from infusion, the major compound was geraniol (60.1%). A methanolic extract of the herb was investigated by HPLC. Following on-line analysis of spectra, five components were classified as flavonoids; rosmarinic acid was identified by addition of authentic standard. The amount of two phenol carboxylic acids (caffeic and rosmarinic acid) was measured by TLC-densitometry. High values of phenolic compounds were measured in samples gathered during the vegetative stage of the ontogenesis, such as: rosmarinic acid: 2.84 g%; caffeic acid: 50.3 mg%; total flavonoids: 0,58 g%; tannins: 12.9 g%.
Dracocephalwn moldavica L. is an essential oil plant of the Labiatae family which has not been cultivated in Poland so far. In 1990 investigations were undertaken on the growth, development and methods of growing of plant under the climatic conditions of Poland. Tliis species is characterised by a slow mass increment in the early period after planting out the seedlings, later vigorous growth is observed. At that time, in the mass increment of plants the role of leaves is dominant. In the period of generative development, inhibition of growth of vegetative organs is observed, whereas most of mass accumulates in the developing inflorescences. In the total mass increment of the whole plant, leaves were dominant. The lower leaves were overshadowed so that light intensity at the ground level was as low as 16 per cent of solar radiation measured on the upper surface of the plants. Under such conditions photosynthetic production of the inflorescences may be significant (leaves between the whorls of the inflorescence and sepals may play an important role) this requires, however, further study. In field experiments the influence of the date of seedlings planting and sawing directly into the soil on the yield of the above ground parts and the content and composition of the oil investigated. Moreover the yield of seeds and their germination were determined. Seedlings planted out in May developed a greater mass of above ground parts as compared with those planted in lune and had a high essential oil content (0,75% of dry weight) with high percentage of citral. The plants gave fully ripe seed with germination reaching about 80 per cent. When the seeds were sown directly into tire soil, the mass of plants was the highest but the essential oil content very low, however in this method of cultivation no seed on the plants were obtained.
The genome doubling agent colchicine was used effectively to obtain tetraploid plants in dragonhead. Treatment of apical meristem of seedlings was carried out in two stages. The first stage was when the cotyledon leaves emerged. The second stage was when the two true leaves emerged. Six levels of colchicine concentrations: 0, 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.75% were applied in each of these stages. Seedling treatment in the stage of emergence of two true leaves with 0.1% colchicine solution proved to be the most effective in producing autotetraploids. Morphological, cytological and flow cytometry analyses showed the increase of chromosome numbers from 2n=2x=10 to 2n=4x=20. The increase of ploidy levels caused major changes in some morphological and physiological traits and active substances in dragonhead.
The structure, micromorphology and distribution of trichomes on Dracocephalum moldavicum L. shots were investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). There were distinguished 3 types of non-glandular trichomes, 3 types of glandular trichomes and papillae of the osmophore in the epidermis of the corolla. The highest density of non-glandular and glandular trichomes was found on the abaxial surface of the calyx, on bracts and in the upper part of the stem. Structural variations in the head and stalk of long glandular trichomes were demonstrated. The dimensions of particular types of trichomes are given in the present paper. Differences in the structure of the trichomes of this species are presented, compared to literature data. The micromorphology of particular trichome types is documented in numerous photographs showing the rich ornamentation of the cuticle of non-glandular trichomes.
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