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This study concerned 26 forest stands with Douglas fir situated in Lower Silesia, Great Poland, Pomerania, Warmia and Masuria. Each stand was represented by 24 trees. From each tree an increment core was taken by Pressler’s borer. The principal components analysis showed that the first three principal components accounted for 73% of the variation of chronologies in total. The first principal component was the most convergent with the mean air temperature curve for January–March, the second with the total precipitation for June–August, and the third with the mean temperature for June–August. The first principal component always integrated the chronologies and decided on a similar rhythm of changes in the tree-ring widths. The annual variation of tree-ring widths was also affected by precipitation in summer (June–August), but this differentiated the chronologies. This was reflected by the dispersion of chronologies in respect to the eigenvectors of the second principal component. The third principal component also differentiated the chronologies. Separate groups were formed by the most eastern and the most western localities of the territory under investigations. Thus the Douglas fir growth reactions were mainly affected by the thermal and pluvial conditions of summer and, to a lesser, degree by the thermal conditions of winter. On the basis of these results it was possible to distinguish the dendroclimatically homogeneous regions in western and northern Poland.
So far, experience in the existing clonal seed orchards of Douglas-fir indicates that grafts of this species are short-lived. According to research carried out in North America, incompatibility between the grafted scions and the rootstocks happens during the whole period of growth and development in clonal seed orchards of Douglas-fir. A similar phenomenon occurs in the clonal seed orchards of Douglas-fir in Poland. The extent of die-back of grafts was examined in three existing oldest units in the Forest District of Gniewkowo (founded in 1992-1993; 2.80 ha), the Forest District of Leżajsk (founded in 1995, 4.22 ha) and the Forest District of Łopuchówko (founded in 1993, 7.43 ha). In all these areas, losses due to die-back ranged from a dozen to a few dozen per cent. Die-backs in the clonal seed orchards in the Forest District of Gniewkowo and in the Forest District of Łopuchówko are now reduced to as much as about fourty per cent of grafts. Analyses of die-back in all these areas reveal great variation between individual clones, indicating its genetic basis. Research carried out so far has not demonstrated the presence of any pathogens responsible for causing the die-back in the grafts. Some hope to solve the problem mentioned above arises from attempts at autovegetative propagation of Douglas-fir.
The study was to provide information on changes in humidity during short-term storage of seedlings on shelves in containers covered with different materials. Collected results made it possible to specify how the type of material of loading space coverings influences changes in the interior humidity. This made it possible to determine the effect of this factor on quality of seedling material under the specific conditions produced under the covering. Analyses in the loading space were conducted using temperature and humidity sensors by Vaisala, recording humidity changes for conditions found under the covering. Sensors were placed under different levels in the loading space. Some of them were equipped with fans enforcing air circulation, facilitating measurements of humidity over a larger space. Using a KNE Data Logger measurements were registered and the results were recorded on a PCMCIA memory card. Measurements were taken over a 24-hour period, facilitating analyses of the effect of a direct action of external conditions during the day and night on changes in humidity in containers covered with coverings made from different materials. It results from the conducted analyses that humidity changes occurred in each of the measurement points. These changes were more marked during intensive operation of sunlight, when a distinct drop in humidity was observed under loading space coverings. It was stated that the material, from which rack coverings were made, has a significant effect on the course of changes in interior humidity, which could have a significant effect on the quality of stored seedlings.
This paper presents the results of investigation into the variability of the share of heartwood on the stem cross-section of Douglas fir in Poland. The research was conducted in Douglas fir stands in the IV and V age classes. The feature was analysed on increment cores taken from the trees at 1.3 m level from the base of the stem, in the N and S direction. The differences of the share of heartwood between Douglas firs of the V and VI age classes as well as between the trees growing in moderate and broken crown closure were not significant. No significant differences occurred between specimens of different vitality, either; however, the trend towards increasing the share of heartwood in weak trees with relation to normal and lush ones was noticeable. No significant correlations between the share of heartwood and crown parameters were noted. Three regions were distinguished in the territory of Poland: the southern and north-western ones, where Douglas firs have a higher share of heartwood on the stem cross-section, and the central-western one, where the share is lower.
This paper discusses the results of analyses of the influence of temperature and rainfall on the width of tree-rings formed by the Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) in the years 1930-1997. The researchers selected six tree stands in the area of the Sudety Mountains. They determined that the size of the radial increments of the Douglas fir was significantly influenced by the temperatures of cold part of the year, before the vegetation season, and by those of the summer. Thermal conditions determined mainly the similarity of the rhythm of variability of tree-ring sizes. In addition, rainfall occurring in winter and during the vegetation season had Lin important, though less significant, impact on the formation of the annual increment. The influence of rainfall during the vegetation season was smaller in the case of trees from the sites located at higher altitudes and in the western part of the Sudety, which is abundant in rainfall. The spatial diversity of rainfall in the area of the Sudety was, probably, the most fundamental factor which caused the variability of the degree of similarity of the incremental rhythm of the trees from particular sites. Despite this fact, however, the Sudety Mountains can be considered as a dendrochronologia И у homogenous region for the Douglas fir.
The objective of the study was to determine differences in the response of trees of three species: Pinus sylvestris, Picea abies and Pseudotsuga taxifolia to environment pollution with fluorine compounds. The amounts of free and complexed fluorine (FA) and total fluorine (FB) were determined in the needles of trees of the three species growing in a polluted area and in an area considered free from pollution. The results of this study showed that Douglas fir is a greater sensitivity to fluorine compounds than Norway spruce and Scots pine, despite its high resistance to fluorine absorption. Estimation of the degree of environment pollution on the basis visible injury and the content of fluorine compounds in needles is discussed. The results were supplemented with observations of lily of the valley (Convallaria maialis) – a plant particularly sensitive to injury by fluorine compounds.
Dendroclimatological research based on the response function and the Huber's method concerned 5 populations oř Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii Franco) from the territories of Western Pomerania, Great Poland and the Beskid Żywiecki. The aim of the research was to determine the influence of the climate on the formation of cambial growth of the species that had been introduced into die Polish forests. It was concluded that thermic conditions of winter time had a very big impact on the annual growth of Douglas fir which grows on the lowlands, and a smaller impact on that from the mountains. Pluvial conditions played a less important role in the tree-ring formation process.
This paper presents the results of investigation into the variability of selected features of morphological structure of Douglas fir trees in Poland. The research was carried out in 28 Douglas fir stands, which were at least 80 years old. The mean values of studied features amounted: diameter at breast height — 54.8 cm, height — 32.4 m, bark thickness — 3.9 cm, crown length — 13.6 m, relative crown length — 41.6% and crown width — 5.4 m. The significant variability of studied features was stated, especially large diversity bark thickness and crown width was revealed. Four regions were distinguished in Poland. These regions were characterized by some distinction of the studied features.
Information on the development of Megastigmus spermotrophus Wachtl (Hymenoptera, Torymidae) in unfertilized Douglas-fir seed, Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirbel) Franco is given.
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