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Eighty isolates of Escherichia coli were collected in Northern Palestine throughout the 1996 to 2000 period from hospitalized patients with urinary tract infections (UTIs). Resistance rates were ampicillin, 65%; co-trimoxazole, 55%; cefuroxime, 10%; cefotaxime, 7.5%; ceftazidime, 2.5%; ciprofloxacin, 12.5%; gentamicin, 6.25% and amikacin, 1.25%. No imipenem-resistant isolates were identified. To determine whether this was due to intra-hospital transmission of resistant strains, clonal structure of 10 multiple-resistant isolates was examined by genomic DNA fingerprinting by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic concensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) and all were clonally distinct. Thus, these strains are likely resistant due to convergent acquisition of resistance determinants by genetically unrelated uropathogenic strains rather than epidemic spread of resistant isolates.
Studies on the behaviour of grey squirrels Sciurus carolinensis Gmelin, 1788 and other species belonging to the same genus, suggest they exhibit dominance hierarchies among both males and females, and their mating strategy is promiscuous or polygynous, However, there is little information available on how dominance translates into repro­ductive success or on the levels of genetic variation or genetic substructuring within a population. To address these questions, we used multilocus DNA fingerprinting to quantify genetic diversity and estimate relatedness amongst individuals in a free­-ranging population of grey squirrels. Background band-sharing values revealed a high degree of genetic diversity existed. The frequency distribution of band-sharing values between known first order relatives and presumed unrelated animals was significantly different. Estimates of relatedness between individuals were therefore based on threshold levels of genetic similarity and used as a tool to infer close kinship. Possible kinship groups were identified using the spatial distribution of the home ranges of adults and juveniles. Levels of relatedness between neighbouring adults was low with five family units identified comprised of putative parents and their offspring. Several juveniles from the single cohort revealed levels of relatedness intermediate between first order relatives and unrelated animals, suggesting possible second order relationships (eg half siblings) existed. The implications of these relationships are discussed.
DNA finferprinting analysis based on microsatellites was applied for separation of mixed gynogenetic offspring of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baeri) and individuals from commercial production. Variation at 11 microsatellite DNA loci was surveyed for parent of gynogenetic offspring. Thus microsatellite DNA profiles in studied loci were known and this key-point was aplied in segregation analysis of mixed fish. In results 108 individuals of 281 studied were verified as gynogenetic offspring. The present survey of microsatellite variation demonstrated a reliable tool for separation of mixed group of fish.
The aim of the study was to analyse whether a successful divergent selection for open-field activity (OFA) in rabbits has resulted in differences in DNA fingerprinting pattern and genetic parametres of diversity. We also scanned DNA fingerprinting profiles for searching minisatellite alleles potentially linked to genes determining the trait under selection. Rabbits derived from the 8th generation of the lines selected for high (H) or low (L) locomotor OFA were profiled for DNA fingerprinting using HinfI enzyme and 33.6 multilocus probe. The H and L lines represent different, i.e. active and passive coping strategies in a novel situation.Selection for H or L locomotor OFA did not affect significantly the molecular parametres of genetic diversity. However, the analysis of band patterns for individual and pooled DNA fingerprints revealed a specific band for the L line at 15 kbp. No specific bands for the H line were detected. The results presented provide evidence of a possible linkage between minisatellites and OFA in rabbits and demonstrate that studies on the H and L lines may give rise to a new strategy in animal breeding and selection for traits related to animal welfare (locomotion and fear-related emotional behavior) and to the study of genetic background of hyperactivity disorders, e.g. ADHD.
Genetic analysis was conducted in chicken belonging to lines divergently selected for high or low frequency of skeletal defects (line H and L, respectively). The analysis was based on the DNA fingerprinting technique, using enzyme HinfI and Jeffrey’s 33.6 probe. Principal aims were: 1) to determine the effects of selection on the genetic variation within and between lines, and 2) to search for the presence of line-specific minisatellite alleles (as bands in the DNA fingerprinting pattern) which could be used as markers for the predisposition to skeletal defects. DNA fingerprinting pattern (DFP) displayed differences in position of bands, some of them appearing characteristic only for one out of two chicken lines studied.
DNA fingerprinting patterns (DFPs) obtained by multi-locus probes have been shown to be useful in assessing genetic variation and genetic distances in laboratory animals. Using this method DFP profiles were analysed of mice belonging to lines divergently selected over 56 generations for high (HA) and low (LA) swim stress-induced analgesia. Apart from nociception-related traits the HA mice displayed, as compared to the LA animals, higher emotionality in various behavioural tests, and higher degree of hypothermia when subjected to a hypothermic challenge. In earlier study the authors showed that HA mice appeared to be more susceptible to the mutagenic effect of whole-body ă-radiation and mitomycin C injection. Lower nucleolar organizer regions (NOR) activity was also observed. In the present study the use of DFP method demonstrated that selection for magnitude of swim stress-induced analgesia differentiated the parental outbred population into two distinct genotypem characterized by specific minisatellite sequences for each line that may be genetic markers for particular physiological and neuro-behavioural traits. It is concluded that the selection altered the frequencies of minisatellites which are linked to genes determining susceptibility to stress, resulting in differentiation of stress-related traits.
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