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The DNA relative content in nuclei from several Solanum species, which were used as partners for somatic hybridization, were determined using a flow cytometry method. The nuclei were isolated mechanically or via protoplasts from leaves of in vitro grown plants. In the case of S. nigrum as well as S. tuberosum cv. Bzura and dihaploid clone H8105, the nuclei were also obtained from suspension cultured cells by lysis of protoplasts. The source and the method of nuclei isolation affected the pattern of nuclear DNA in the genotypes studied. The mesophyll nuclei showed two distinct peaks on the DNA histograms, whereas the DNA peaks produced by cell suspension nuclei were broad and less distinct. The DNA content in the nuclei, calculated from the DNA histograms of the samples and a DNA standard historgam (Trout Red Blood Cells, having DNA content of 5.05 pg per nucleus), were much lower in mesophyll nuclei than in those obtained from the cell suspension for the same genotypes. The results are discussed in respect of the genetic instability of Solanum genotypes. The usefulness of a flow cytometry approach in somatic hybridization research is also discussed.
In this study we investigated the function of p53 as a regulator of cell cycle progression in cycling and senescent cells. Using the conditional temperature-sensitive (ts) mutant we could prevent the detrimental effect of constitutive expression of high levels of wt p53 protein. High levels of wt p53 inhibited cell proliferation by blocking the cells to progress from G1 to S phase of the cell cycle. Flow cytometric analysis revelaed a maintenance of G1 cell population for a longer time depending on the prolonged expression of wt p53 protein. The p53 mediated inhibition of cell proliferation and of the cycle was reversible. However, a spontaneous increase of wt p53 occurring in ageing normal human MRC-5 fibroblasts was associated with irreversible reduction of proliferative potential. The accumulation of G1 cells was detected by flow cytometry. By the measurement of DNA content it is not possible to discriminate between cells arrested in G1 and Go phase, therefore, the expression of G1 markers was determined. Analysis of the expression of distinct cell cycle regulators revealed that quiescent MRC-5 cells were in Go phase. Our results indicate that cell cycle arrest occurring in senescent cells is associated with the Go transition.
The investigated material involved three pungent soft-flesh forms selected from a Capsicum frutescens L. x C. annuum L. hybrid. Capsaicinoid contents, determined by the HPLC technique in the fruit pericarp, amounted to 100 mg. kg-1. The anthers were cultured in vitro employing the method described by Chambonnet (1988) for C. annuum L. with modification involving an increase in kinetin content in R1 medium to 0.2 mg. dm-3. The efficacy of embryogenesis ranged between 0.25% and 4.12%, related to the ratio of the number of obtained plants to the number of cultured anthers, depending on genotype and the employed medium. Conversion of the embryos into plants and the general efficacy of androgenesis were highest in one line. In all of them, cytometrically determined DNA content in cells of leaves in the obtained regenerates amounted 1C.
Thy28 protein is conserved among plants, bacteria, and mammalian cells. Nuclear Thy28 protein is substantially expressed in testis, liver, and immune cells such as lymphocytes. Lymphocyte apoptosis plays a crucial role in homeostasis and formation of a diverse lymphocyte repertoire. In this study, we examined whether Thy28 affects induction of apoptosis in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells following engagement of membrane immunoglobulin (mIg). Once they were established, the Thy28-overexpressing WEHI-231 cells showed similar expression levels of IgM and class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecule compared with controls. The Thy28-overexpressing cells were considerably resistant to loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), caspase-3 activation, and increase in annexin-positive cells upon mIg engagement. These changes were concomitant with an increase in G1 phase associated with upregulation of p27Kip1. The anti-IgM-induced sustained activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), which was associated with late-phase hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, was partially reduced in the Thy28-expressing cells relative to controls. Taken together, the data suggest that in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells, Thy28 regulates mIg-mediated apoptotic events through the JNK-H2O2 activation pathway, concomitant with an accumulation of cells in G1 phase associated with upregulation of p27Kip1 in WEHI-231 B lymphoma cells.
Differentiation of the suspensor basal cell was studied in Triglochin palustre (2n = 24). The zygote divides into the smaller apical cell and the bigger basal cell, which becomes the basal cell of the suspensor. The nuclear DNA content of the suspensor basal cell attains a high degree of ploidy, up to 256C. Nuclei with the highest ploidy levels of 128C and 256C were observed in mature basal cells (from 50- to 500-celled embryos). As a result of polyploidization the volume of the nucleus increased and changes in the chromatin structure of polyploid nuclei were noted. Endochromocenters at middle ploidy level and bundle-like aggregations of chromatin at the highest ploidy levels were found. Rhythmic enlargement of the DNA content and nuclear volume of the basal cell, as well as the characteristic structure of its chromatin, point to endoreduplication as the mechanism of polyploidization in the suspensor.
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