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Juniperus communis L. (Cupressaceae) is a plant widely cultivated in the Northern hemisphere. Juniper berries, the fruit of Juniperus communis L. are a highly valued, essential oil-rich plant material used traditionally in folk medicine as antiseptic, diuretic, antirheumatic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antifungicidal agent. This paper reviews information on extraction methods of the essential oil from the juniper berries, its chemical composition and antimicrobial as well as antioxidant properties.
Common juniper (Juniperus communis L.) is the well-known and valuable medicinal plant. Juniper berry is used as a herbal medicine mainly due to its essential oil with diuretic, antiinflammatory, choleretic and cholagogue activities. Some other substances, as polyphenols, are present in juniper berries and other parts of this plant. The aim of this study was to estimate total polyphenols content in common juniper sprouts (leaves) originating from different places at the kujawsko-pomorskie province. The total polyphenols content was carried out by means of spectroscopic method with Folin-Ciocalteu reagent and shown as pyrogallol equivalents. The obtained results ranged in limits from 2.40±0.23% to 3.43±0.17%.
The study addressed different biological aspects of Juniperus oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa, including female cone production, biometric analysis of mature cones and seeds, and their viability. The results indicate that the proportion of aborted female cones was very high. In the four populations studied, cone diameter and weight and seed length and weight were closely related. The distribution of numbers of seeds with and without embryos in mature cones was examined, as well as the frequency of numbers of seeds with embryos. The general trend in all populations was three seeds per mature cone, of which only one or two showed embryos. Tetrazolium tests showed the percentage of viable seeds to be lower.
The intra- and interpopulational geographic variation of three distant populations of J. oxycedrus subsp. macrocarpa was examined biometrically on the basis of morphological key-characters of needles, seeds and cones. The shortest Euclidean distances were used in the agglomerative grouping of closest neighbourhood and discrimination analysis with principal component analysis (PCA) was performed to verify the south-north differentiation of the taxon in Italy. Most of the cone and seed dimensional characters are correlated. No significant correlations were found between cone and needle characters. The sampled populations differ only insignificantly from one another, while the intrapopulational variation is slightly higher. Cone length as well as seed number, width and thickness were significantly correlated with geographic latitude, while the other four characters are not. Differences in cone shape were observed between individuals, so that several morphotypes can be distinguished.
This study investigated cross-reactivity between allergens of Cupressaceae and Fagaceae pollen. Human IgE raised against Cupressus arizonica pollen allergen was used to demonstrate the presence of related allergens on ultrathin sections of Fagaceae pollen (Quercus ilex, Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica). Tissue localization of the cross-reactive allergen was investigated by immunogold electron microscopy. TEM observations showed that IgE raised against C. arizonica allergen recognizes epitopes on Fagaceae pollen. The cross-reactive allergens can be found on the wall and in the cytoplasm.
The aim of the present study was biometrical comparison of three Iberian populations of Juniperus phoenicea, represented by the subsp. turbinata and subsp. phoenicea. Eight features of the cones and seeds, two of the shoots and leaves were studied. The biometrical analysis of three distant populations of J. phoenicea shows great taxonomic distances among them. Two of them, representatives of J. phoenicea subsp. turbinata, are closer related each other than to the third, which represents J. phoenicea subsp. phoenicea. These results confirm the genetic differentiation of the taxons and also the biochemical and morphologic division of them. Nevertheless, the distances between particular populations are so great that more resemble the distances between species than between subspecies.
Cupressus Linn., commonly known as ‘cypress', belongs to the family Cupressaceae. It consists of 20 species with a wide and discontinuous distribution in the Northern Hemisphere. In the present study, three species, namely C. torulosa Don., C. arizonica Greene and C. glabra Sudw., growing in the western Himalayan region of India at an altitude of 1760 m. have been studied. This is a preliminary attempt where embryology is used in estimating seed quality and in seed testing. Seed quality was analysed according to five (0-IV) seed classes based on the presence of the embryo and endosperm and their nature of development in the seed-cutting test. Seeds having neither embryo nor endosperm belong to class ‘0'. In class ‘I' seeds contain the endosperm but a shrivelled embryo or sometimes no embryo. Class ‘II' contains seeds with an embryo of half-length of the embryo cavity and class ‘III' seeds containing an embryo of at least three-quarter length of the embryo cavity. Seeds with completely developed full embryo were assigned to class ‘IV'. However a high percentage of seeds of classes 0-III present in seed lots from particular trees of a species decrease the quality of seeds. Similarly a high percentage of seeds of class ‘IV' improves the seed quality of a given tree selected as plus tree for germplasm collection.
We present a study of the distribution, ecology and conservation status of Cupressus atlantica, an endemic tree of the High Atlas (Morocco). The main populations of this species grow in a reduced area along the N’Fiss valley in the Central High Atlas and are gradually receding. Particular populations are increasingly fragmented and the total area covered by the cypress woodland has decreased to less than a third of the surface occupied in the 1930s. Overgrazing reduces the woodlands’ regenerative capacity, and the exploitation of the wood, linked to traditional uses by the rural society of the N’Fiss valley, directly reduces the number of trees. Great efforts being made to protect the species by the Haut Commissariat aux Eaux et Forêts are having some effect in recent years.
The intra- and inter-population variation in three populations of Juniperus excelsa, two from Crimea and one from the Balkan Peninsula, were analyzed biometrically. Fourteen morphological characters of cones, seeds, shoots and leaves were used. The number of seeds per cone appears to be the most variable character. The others were more stable. Differences among particular individuals within the samples were slight, as well as between populations compared. The Crimean samples were very close to each other, while the more geographically distant sample from the Balkan Peninsula appears also to be morphologically more separate. This suggests that the Balkan populations originated from another Pleistocene refugium. The Crimean populations did not show the reduction of variability, which could have resulted from their geographical isolation and their considerably restricted numbers of individuals.
In order to survive periods of adverse cold climatic conditions, plant requirements are satisfi ed by means of physiological adaptations to prevent cells from freezing. Thus, the growth of woody plants in temperate regions slows down and they enter into a physiological state called dormancy. In order to identify the chilling and heat requirements to overcome the dormancy period of Cupressaceae pollen type in the south of Europe, we have carried out our study with aerobiological data from a 10-year (1996- 2005) period in Ponferrada, León (Spain). For the chilling requirements the best result was with a threshold temperature of 7.1ºC and an average of 927 CH. Calculation of heat requirements was carried out with maximum temperature, with 490 growth degree days (GDD) needed, with a threshold temperature of 0ºC. We have used the 2002-2003, 2003- 2004 and 2004-2005 periods in order to determine the real validity of the model. We have not used these years in developing the models. The dates predicted differ in only a few days from those observed: in 2002-2003 there was a difference of 11 days, in 2003-2004 predicted and observed dates were the same, but in 2004-2005 the difference obtained was of 43 days.
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