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Bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus Schreber, 1780 were first discovered in Ireland in 1964. They are confined to the south-west and, judging by their rate of spread, are a recent introduction. Mitochondrial DNA was extracted from 81 bank voles from 5 localities. Only 2 haplotypes were observed, indicating that the founder population was small. There were marked differences in the relative frequencies of haplotypes between sites. These are most readily explained by local founder effects brought about by the habitat preference of this rodent and sustained by the territorial behaviour of females.
In the present note the first cases of Babesia microti infection of Clethrionomys glareolus in the district of Mazury Lakes is described. Contrary to other European countries, the zoonotic reservoir as well as epidemiological role of parasites from the genus Babesia spp. in Poland is entirely unknown.
The distribution and three-dimensional structure of the lingual papillae were studied by means of scanning electron microscopy. The elongated tongue in the bank vole is about 12 mm in length and about 3 mm in width. The characteristic features of the tongue are the median sulcus on the apex of the tongue, considerable narrowing in the body of the tongue and a well developed intermolar prominence. On the surface of the apex and body of the tongue three morphological types of the filiform papillae and fungiform papillae were observed. The intermolar prominence of the tongue is covered with conical and saw-like filiform papillae. On the posteriolateral margin of the intermolar prominence two foliate papillae were found. A single oval vallate papilla was situated in the median line of the anterior part of the root of the tongue. The posterior part of the lingual root is flat without papillae. The distribution and types of the lingual papillae found in the bank vole are similar to those in species of the Microtinae family.
The reliability of the estimation of residency time of the bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) and the yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) in open populations was assessed by halving the 6-week intervals between trapping sessions. The status of "single-capture" individuals was identified to estimate the probability that they are native young rather than adult invaders. We found that the majority of "single-session" individuals constituted true transients that were present in the study plot for a short time only. They were young, immature rodents with a small body mass and a small number of captures. The probability that the "single-session" individuals stay on the plot for a longer time was 0.35 and 0.37 for voles and mice, respectively. These ostensible transients were trap-prone, fully-grown, mature adults, that revealed their presence on the plot already at the beginning of each trapping session. We found that "single-capture" individuals were mainly young, immature rodents that were not retrapped. The probability that the single-capture rodents are mature individuals, with a longer residency time, was 0.10 and 0.18 for voles and mice, respectively.
Spatial activity and homing of bank voles Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1V801 have been studied in the 100 years old alder wood (Carici elongatae-Alnelum Koch, 1926) in the Kampinos National Park near Warsaw. Six parallel trap lines of 600 m each were set. Each of external lines consisted of 100 live-traps. Between the two lines, <1 lines of 200 snap-traps in each were set at 100 m intervals. Individuals caught m live-traps were individually marked and released in the centre of the study area. During the study 613 bank voles were marked and 424 recaptures were recorded. Considerable mobility of animals was found (a high proportion of animals moved more than 600 m). Distribution of animals retrapped made it possible to determine hypothetical spatial patterns of homing. It is suggested that familiarity with the given area acquired during long distance movements help small mammals to find their way when homing regard" less of the nature of homing. Catholic University of Lublin, Al. Racławickie 14, 20-950 Lublin, Poland (RA); Department of Game Management, Agriculture University of Warsaw, Rakowiecka 26/30, 02-528 Warsaw, Poland (JB-W); Kampinos National Forest, Tetmajera 38, 05-080 Izabelin, Poland (EO); National Foundation for Environment Protection, Krzywickiego 9, 0U-078 Warsaw, Poland (AL, JS)
Populations of two species of woodland rodents were studied: Apodemus flavicollis (A. f.) and Clethrionomys glareolus (C. g.)t inhabiting a set of small wood patches, isolated from large, continuous forest. The species composition, density and population dynamics differed from those in the forest. The rodents used the entire area as a patchy habitat, moving between the woodlots. In the breeding season high mobility caused higher mortality among males, especially in C. g. Sex ratio in C. g. was female biased. In A. f. females prevailed in spring whereas there was a prevalence of males in autumn. Seasonal changes in age structure followed different patterns in females and males. Males prevailed in first spring litters in both species. Males also prevailed among numerous immigrants of A. f. but females prevailed among immigrants of C. g. The demographic processes in these species resulted from habitat fragmentation and different life strategies.
An unique observation was made when an adult yellow-necked mouse Apodemus flavicollis (Melchior, 1834) attacked a dead bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780).
The aim of this study was to determine whether bank voles Clethrionomys gla- reolus (Schreber, 1780) could be trapped by the odour of other individuals as opposed to using food as bait. A line of 100 snap traps was set at 2 meters interval in a forest. Odour bait was prepared of polyurethane foam cubes (1.5 cm3) on which few male and female bank voles were kept in a 2 litre glass jar without food and water (to prevent the transfer of food odours to the bait). Traps with even numbers were provided with the odorous foam cubes (changed every two days) and traps with odd numbers were provided with new foam. Trappings were carried out in two series in autumn, the first for 14 days and the second for 10 days. Fifty five bank voles (mean: 2.50 ±2.11 per day) were trapped in traps baited with odour foam and 14 (mean: 0.64 ± 1.36 per day) in traps without odour, the latter during the first three days of both trapping series (p < 0.001). There was no difference in the number of individuals caught on the first and second day after placing the bait with odour.
The impact of supplemental food on a cyclic bank vole Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) population was studied at peak density. We provided high energy food (sunflower seeds) to a 3.15 ha live-trapping grid and used a 5.06 ha unfed grid as a control. Density of adult females and immatures increased 3-fold in response to the extra food. In contrast, density of adult mates did not change significantly. The rise in density of adult females, but not of adult mates, altered the functional sex ratio. Loss rate of fed adults remained the same as for controls, whereas immature loss rate was reduced by the extra food. Dispersal of immatures from the control into the food supplemented grid was higher than the reverse. Growth and body mass of fed immatures were lower than of controls. Reduced dispersal and increased immi­gration of immatures both contributed significantly to the overall rise in density when food was added.
The influence of chemical cues from conspecifics on female bank voles Clethrio­nomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780) activity was investigated in a 10 min behavioural test. The role of the main olfactory and vomeronasal systems in mediating chemicals which alter female activity was also studied. Total activity scored higher in females exposed to the scent of dominant male or adult male urine. The odour of subordinate male, castrated male and female urine had no effect on female activity. Bulbectomy but not vomeronasalectomy decreased female activity in the presence of an adult male. The results are discussed in terms of possible biological functions of such behaviour.
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