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Dactylis glomerata L. subsp. slovenica (Dom.) Dom. has been recorded in Western Caucasus at southern slopes of the Abishira-Akhuba range (Karachay-Cherkessia Autonomous Republic belonging to the Russian Federation). This new information is very important supplement dealing with the distribution of this taxon, because the area of its known distribution was moved very strongly to the East.
Faunistic, distributional, and taxonomic data for the genus Phalangium Linnaeus, 1758 from the Caucasus are presented. Eight species of the genus have been found in the region. Two new species: P. mcheidzeae from Georgia and P. gorbunovi from Volgograd region, Kalmikiya and Krasnodar region are described, the other six species of the area are P. opilio, P. punctipes, P. armatum, P. staregai, P. bakuense and P. armenicum. Each of them is illustrated, their main diagnostic features are summarized and the occurrence of each species is presented. A key to the species of Phalangium of the region is provided.
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Entomofauna of Heracleum Sosnowskyi Manden

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In 1998 and 1999, the research on the contents of entomofauna settlement of Heracleum Sosnowskyi Manden was carried out at Mochełek, and in 1999 - at Minikowo near Bydgoszcz. Useful insects were the most abundant group in the tested habitats. Based on the results of the investigations, it can be concluded that only two species: blunt’s flat-body (Depressaria depresella Hb.) and celery fly (Phillophylla heraclei L.) may be of any importance in the fight against population of this plant.
Taxonomic diversity of NW Caucasus brachiopods changed cyclically in the Early–Middle Jurassic. Diversifications took place in the Late Sinemurian–Early Pliensbachian, Middle–Late Toarcian and Late Aalenian–Early Bajocian, while diversity decreases occured in Late Pliensbachian–Early Toarcian, Early Aalenian and Late Bajocian. Outstanding diversity decline in the Late Pliensbachian–Early Toarcian corresponds to a global mass extinction interval, whose peak has been documented in the Early Toarcian. Similar diversity changes of brachiopods are observed in other Tethyan regions, including the well−studied Bakony Mountains, although in NW Caucasus the recovery after demise have begun earlier. The causes of Pl−To mass extinction in the studied region are enigmatic. Probably, it could be linked to anoxia, but its correspondence to the beginning of transgression is not coincident with the global record, so eustatic causes seem to be doubtful for this region.
Decomposition process in the soil of desert, steppe and mountain landscapes was studied in the region of Caucasus (Daghestan). The study sites differed mainly in average temperature and humidity being generally extremely dry with soil poor in organic matter. Two methods – bags with grass and cellulose filter paper discs were used. No dependence was found between the rate of decomposition of introduced organic matter and organic nitrogen content, and C:N ratio in soil, but strong dependence was found with temperature and humidity conditions. The measured rate of organic matter decomposition in soil of desert, steppe, and mountain sites indicated that the level of decomposition activity of these soils is high. In summer it is lowest in steppe (1.97 mg · g⁻¹ · 24 h⁻¹), whereas the highest in mountains (5.68 mg · g⁻¹ · 24 h⁻¹). The annual average rate of decomposition of cellulose discs and hay in mountain site was almost two times higher than in steppe site and nearly three times higher than in desert site. Mainly climatic conditions i.e. long-lasting drought (almost all the year) in desert as well as in steppe (January to August) are responsible for this difference.
Natural range of the Yellow Azalea Rhododendron luteum Sweet (Azalea pontica L.) includes the Caucasus, Asia Minor, Volhynia and SE rim of the Alps (Slovenia). There is also a natural locality of this species in Poland, in Wola Zarczycka near Leżajsk. The plant was discovered in 1795 in Volhynian Polesia by an eminent gardener Dionizy Mikler, and its popularity grew thanks to the Botanic Garden affiliated by the Krzemieniec College. Already at the first half of the 19th century Yellow Rhododendron, originating from Volhynian Polesia, was in cultivation in most of European Botanic Gardens. Nowadays this species can be easily found even in small private gardens. It has also been planted in forests. In Volhynian Polesia it grows abundantly in continental mesotrophic oak-pine mixed forests (Querco roboris-Pinetum), sometimes covering 100% of the shrub layer. Its is equally common in continental swamp pine forests (Vaccinio uliginosi-Pinetum). The soils where the species grow are always moist and very acidic (pH below 4). In Volhynia plant communities with R. luteum cover over 1.5 billion ha. In Ukraine the plant is not protected by law.
Ten species of Soricidae, among them three new ones: Sorex doronichevi n. sp., Drepanosorex rupestris n. sp., and Neomys hintoni n. sp. are described fom the Middle Pleistocene of Treugolnaya Cave in Northern Caucasus, Russia. The systematic position of the above-mentioned taxa, their measurements, and illustrations are given.
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