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The six-year cycle of monthly germination analyses of Capsella bursa-pastoris seeds were carried out. After the harvest the seeds germinate from ten to twenty percent, but from January their germination capacity increases to over 60%. Diaspores stored in the conditions of unheated room keep their viability from 4 to 5 years but their germination capacity is only 20%.
The paracarpous gynoecium in Capsella bursa-pastoris is characterized by postgenital fusion of two carpels into a single structure representing a false two-loculated ovary. The ovular primordium is initiated by periclinal cell divisions of both the subdermal and third layers of the placenta. The ovule is ana-amphitropous, medionucellate, funicular and bitegmic, with the micropyle formed by both integuments. During development the cells of the micropylar and middle nucellar zones degenerate and the persisting chalazal zone assumes a column shape (the postamento-podium). The integuments develop according to Dermal type and Variation C (author’s term). In the mature ovule the inner integument consists of three layers, and the outer integument is two-layered except on the abaxial side of the ovule where the integuments are more massive. At the two-nucleate megagametophyte stage the inner epidermis cells of the inner integument begin to divide periclinally. These divisions are followed by differentiation, giving rise to cells that differ in their form, structure, substance accumulation and participation in seed coat organization. The inner layer, consisting of cytoplasm-rich cells with marked radial expansion, represents the endothelium. The cells of the other layer become vacuolate and extend tangentially. They form the middle layer. The cells of the outer epidermis and middle layer are destroyed (in the latter only partly) during seed development. The endothelium becomes the endotegmen (pigment layer), composed of thick-walled cells that contain tannins and possibly lipids. The outer integument gives rise to the testa, composed of an epidermal mucilaginous layer and a sclerotic (mechanical) layer consisting of cells with thickened radial and inner tangential walls and containing starch. The hypostase is differentiated at the base of the nucellus and integuments in contact with the chalaza. The vascular bundle of the ovule reaches the hypostase, which is preserved also in the mature seed and represented by 3-5 layers forming a cup. The cells of the hypostase accumulate proteins and dextrins during the late stages of ovule development, and starch after fertilization. Later, at the early globular embryo stage, the cell walls begin to lignify, the cell contents showing tannin-like substances.
Much of the early research in embryogenesis in flowering plants was restricted to comparative and descriptive studies of embryo and endosperm development in a number of species. This was followed by a period in which experimental studies involving isolation and culture of progressively smaller embryos, induction of embryo-like structures in the somatic cells of plants and deflection of pollen grains of cultured anthers in the embryogenic pathway, predominated. Emphasis in recent years has been on the molecular and genetic analysis of embryogenesis using one or two model systems. The isolation of embryo-defective mutants from Arabidopsis and characterization of the protein products of the mutated genes have provided new information on gene action in the zygote and its immediate division products during progressive development of the embryo.
Clubroot disease is one of the most serious diseases of oilseed rape and other Brassicaceae species. The disease causual agent is an obligatory parasite – Plasmodiophora brassicae. Typical symptoms of the infection are specific round tumors on roots. Several pathotypes of P. brassicae are known. It is possible to identify the pathotypes using a root hair test or by PCR. The aim of the study was to check the possibility of using PCR to identify oilseed rape infection by P. brassicae and its P1 pathotype. Plant samples with clubroot sympthoms were colleted from Poland in 2008–2009. PCR primers specific to P. brassicae and pathotype P1 were used. Infection of 44 tested plants by P. brassicae and the presence of P1 pathotype in six samples was confirmed PCR reaction. The occurance of clubroot disease was also recorded on Shepherd’s Purse, which may be considered as a potential inoculum source of this pathogen.
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