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Three different forms of sarcocysts from the zoo animals Pseudois nayaur, Capricomis crispus and Ovibos moschatus (Bovidae, Caprinae) were investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy, in special consideration of the cyst wall. Two of these forms were not distinguishable from Sarcocystis capracanis or the pair of sibling species S. hircicanis/ arieticanis by their morphology. They were, therefore, designated as S. cf. capracanis (in Pseudois) and S. cf. hircicanis/arieticanis (in Pseudois, Capricornis and Ovibos) in this paper. The third form (from Capricornis) was not identifiable as one of the species hitherto known. Its cyst wall, provided with stumpy nail-like, in the outline T-shaped villar protrusions, could not be attributed to one of the types established by Dubey et al. (1989). It was, therefore, described as Sarcocystis capricornis sp. n. The Sarcocystis species described in Caprinae so far were discussed.
To investigate phylogenetic relationships among 9 genera of the Caprinae (Capra, Ammotragus, Hemitragus, Pseudois, Ovis, Rupicapra, Oreamnos, Nemorhaedus, Capri- cornis) behaviours involved in courtship and mating, aggression, threat, dominance, submission, and marking of adult males were subjected to phylogenetic analysis. Based on all 32 characters and 96 character states investigated, phylogenetic patterns generally were in good agreement with biochemical-genetic data avaliable. Discordance between phylogenetic trees constructed from behavioural and from biochemical-genetic traits as to the position of Ammotragus turned out to be associated with ethological functional categories. Behaviours involved in courtship and mating were identified as the most reliable ones for phylogenetic studies. Courtship displays function as isolation mechanisms among closely related taxa. This is of paramount importance in those forms where secondary sexual characters such as horns are poorly differentiated while in highly evolved taxa size and shape of horns may also trigger readiness for mating in estrous females.
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