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Nectar production in several Campanula species (Campanulaceae)

100%
Strzalkowska-Abramek M., Jachula J., Wrzesien M., Bozek M., Dabrowska A., Denisow B.
Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Hortorum Cultus
|
2018
|
tom 17
|
nr 3
The flowering, nectar production and sugar content were examined in 2012–2013 seasons for three Campanula species (C. persicifolia L., C. glomerata L., C. trachelium L.). The flowers of all studied Campanula spp. are distinctly protandrous; most of them opened between 10.00 and 14.00; only the flowers of C. glomerata continued the opening process until 16.00 (GMT + 2 h). The flower life-span differed between species and was the longest for C. persicifolia – ca. 5.5 days and lasted 3.0–3.5 days in C. glomerata and C. trachelium. The duration of the male phase was 2–3 fold shorter (C. persicifolia and C. glomerata) than the female phase or was equal (C. trachelium). Irrespective of the year of study and the species, the female-biased nectar production pattern was evidenced. The amount of nectar accumulated at the female phase reached 70–87% of the maximum nectar produced by a flower. The total sugar yield (0.4– 12.2 g/10 m2) established for the studied species is low compared to other herbaceous meadow species. However, due to diverse insect visitors groups, the Campanula flowers can be recommended to support pollinators in home gardens or on idle lands.
2

Changes of flowering phenology of six herbal species in a beech forest [Central Slovakia]: a decade analysis

100%
Schieber B.
Polish Journal of Ecology
|
2007
|
tom 55
|
nr 2
The variability in flowering phenology of six forest herbaceous species: Pulmonaria officinalis L. (early spring species), Dentaria bulbifera L. (mid spring), Galium odoratum Scop. (late spring), Veronica officinalis L. (early summer), Mycelis muralis (L.) Dumort. (mid summer) and Campanula trachelium L. (mid/late summer) was analysed over the period of the past ten years (1995–2004). Observations were done in a beech forest at the Ecological Experimental Stationary in Kremnické vrchy Mts (Central Slovakia, 48°38´N, 19°04´E, 450–520 m a.s.l.). Two phenological events – the first flowering and full flowering as well as the duration of interphase interval were analysed. The timing of observed phenological events was related to selected climatic factors (temperature and precipitation). The highest variation in the first flowering date was observed in early spring species- standard deviation (SD) was equal to 7.2 days. As for full flowering date, the highest value of standard deviation was detected in late summer species (SD = 8.5 days). In respect to the duration of interphase interval (in days), the highest relative variability (cv > 53%) was ascertained in early spring species. The significant correlations (P <0.001) were detected between dating of full flowering and cumulative temperatures in all phenological types (excepting early spring); the coefficients of correlation (r) moved from – 0.85 (early summer and mid summer species) to – 0.91 (mid spring species). Significant correlations were revealed between precipitation and timing of flowering only for mid summer (r= +0.70) and late summer species (r= +0.75), respectively. Despite of the fact, that no significant trends were detected in timing of flowering in the species, the effect of the global warming is evident. The values of the possitive deviations of the mean air temperatures averaged for the period of the last decade were increased in comparison to the long-term mean. Onset of flowering has been shifted earlier a few days in majority of the species during the past decade. Decade tendency showed a slight increasing of values of cumulative temperatures during the periods crucial for the development of the phenophases.
3

Dzwoneczki

88%
Przymeska J.
Działkowiec
|
1999
|
nr 07
5
4

Gdzie dzwonia dzwoneczki

75%
Marcinkowski J.
Kwietnik
|
1998
|
nr 07
31-35
5

Dzwoneczki pełne wdzięku

75%
Podstolski W.
Ogrody, Ogródki, Zieleńce
|
2010
|
nr 07
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