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C-reactive protein (CRP) has two structurally distinct isoforms, the CRP pentamer and the CRP monomer. A role for the CRP monomer in atherosclerosis is emerging, but the underlying mechanisms are only beginning to be understood. Monocytes are an important contributor to atherosclerosis, and foam cell formation is the hallmark of atherogenesis. However, whether the CRP monomer can directly interact with the monocytes and modulate their responses remains unknown. Furthermore, although FcγRIII (CD16) has been identified as the receptor for the CRP monomer on neutrophils, its role in mediating the CRP monomer’s biological effects in other cell types has been questioned. In this study, we investigated the interaction of the CRP monomer with the monocytes using the U937 monocytic cell line. The CRP monomer specifically binds to U937 cells. This binding is unique in that it is independent of FcγRs and insensitive to protease digestion of the cell surface proteins. Further assays revealed that the CRP monomer directly incorporates into the plasma membrane. Interestingly, the presence of the CRP monomer efficiently retards oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation of PMA-differentiated U937 macrophages and peripheral blood monocytic cell-derived macrophages. These findings provide additional evidence for the notion that the CRP monomer is an active CRP isoform that plays a role in atherogenesis via the direct modulation of the behavior of the monocytes.
Oxidative stress is at play in the progression of chronic renal failure (CRF) and in the genesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the factors that might influence the oxidative-antioxidative balance in patients on hemodialysis. The study group consisted of 71 hemodialysis patients due to CRF. Sixteen healthy subjects constituted a control group. The levels of 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), C-reactive protein (CRP), and the blood lipid profile were measured in both groups. The results showed significantly higher mean levels of both 8-OHdG and CRP in the hemodialysis patients compared with that in the control subjects. The highest level of 8-OHdG was found in the subgroups of the patients with CRF primarily caused by diabetes (16.4 ng/ml) and with hypertensive nephropathy (15.8 ng/ml). More than a 2.5-fold higher level of 8-OHdG in the hemodialysis patients compared with the control subjects points to the presence of intensive oxidative stress in the patients.
The aim of this study was to estimate the influence of cryogenic temperatures used for whole-body cryotherapy on inflammatory markers in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and healthy volunteers. The study involved 32 male persons: 16 patients with AS and 16 healthy volunteers. All subjects were exposed to a cycle of 10 daily procedures of whole-body cryotherapy at a temperature of -120°C lasting 2 minutes with subsequent kinesitherapy. In both groups, before and after a cycle of whole-body cryotherapy with subsequent kinesitherapy, serum C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, mucoprotein, soluble intercellular adhesion molecule-1levels and erythrocyte sedimentation rate were estimated. The results of this study indicate that cryogenic temperatures used for whole-body cryotherapy decrease the levels of inflammatory markers both in patients with ankylosing spondylitis and healthy volunteers.
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