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Behaviors of the corvids towards common buzzard Buteo buteo on urban and extra-urban areas of the Mazowieckie Province. The study was based on observations of birds of the crow family (Corvidae) since May till November, during intensive training of a raptor common buzzard Buteo buteo on various areas – urban and extra-urban, of the Mazowieckie Province at various times of the day. A distinct difference was noted in the activity of the corvids depending on land development. In the study period, 305 birds were recorded, the majority of which (n = 276) were noted on the urban area, which constituted 91% of all birds observed in the entire study period. The evaluation was also significantly affected by day time. In the afternoon hours, the activity of birds towards common buzzard was significantly higher and reached 65% on average. A lower activity of the birds was observed on extra-urban areas where representatives of the crow family – Eurasian jay Garrulus glandarius and Eurasian magpie Pica pica – showed minimal interest in the bird of prey. They were undertaking individual attempts of scaring the raptor off, without intensive alerting signals and calling other individuals.
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Study on the relation between an accipiter bird and man. The aim of this study was to learn relations between accipitrids and men working with them. The study consisted in observations of trained accipitrids – common buzzard Buteo buteo and Northern goshawk Accipiter gentili, during everyday trainings, with special attention devoted to the role of sight in their life. As a result of observations made in the study, it was concluded that the visual and audio signal as well as knowing each other and common trust were important factors during man’s work with a raptor. Common buzzard turned out to be a calmer bird, its responses were less rapid compared to Northern goshawk. This raptor did not pay attention to the presence of unfamiliar persons, but was vulnerable to objects emitting signals unfamiliar to it (buses or moving trolleys). None of the hunting birds allowed to be touched by an unfamiliar person, which is a natural behavior of raptors. Northern goshawk was responding significantly faster to the sight of an approaching person and was flaying away almost immediately.
Studies carried out in the vicinity of Rogów in central Poland showed a 47% rise in the population density of the Common Buzzard, inasmuch as the average number of breeding pairs in the study area of 105 km² increased from 18.2 in the years 1982-1991 to 26.7 in the years 2001-2003. Furthermore, an upward trend was observed for each separately investigated forest complex. Possible mechanisms underpinning this increase in density are discussed.
During seven winter seasons (1993/1994-1999/2000) 107 roadside counts (28 km each) in agricultural area of south-western Poland were conducted. From among 1526 Buzzards, 1293 were recorded in winter months (November-February) and 233 in March. Birds were non-randomly distributed on nine vegetation types met along the transect route. Permanent papilionaceous crops, along with cereal stubbles, margin habitats, meadows and maize stubbles were preferentially used, whereas bare tillage and winter cereals were avoided. In general, Buzzards preferred habitats of the least amount in the studied area and avoided those which dominated. These data support the idea of high importance of small landscape structures for the biodiversity protection in intensively used farmland. During winter months, most Buzzards (59.5%) were perched when first sighted, most often on trees and in the middle part of their height. The percent of birds sitting on the ground amounted to 34.7%. The smallest amount of individuals (5.8%) was observed flying (flap-sailing, hovering and soaring), however this activity significantly increased in March (up to 17.1%). The significance of various hunting methods for wintering Buzzards is discussed. Even though it is a typical perch hunting raptor, the method of hunting from the ground seems to be particularly suitable for the conditions of winter farmland: common scarcity of perches, poor and low vegetation, local and temporary prey concentrations.
Common Buzzards (Buteo buteo L.) found in central Europe are partial migrants and the number of birds which winter on the breeding ground depends on atmospheric conditions. The advantages of wintering on breeding grounds are counterbalanced by the risk of unfavorable atmospheric conditions and influence the birds’ migration decision. During the periods from October to March (2002/2003–2004/2005), changes in habitat use by the Common Buzzard were studied in the open terrain of the mountain valley (Kotlina Orawsko-Nowotarska, Carpathians, southern Poland). The results were analyzed according to four meteorological periods (autumn, early winter, winter, early spring). Snow cover caused significant differences in types of habitats used by foraging Common Buzzards. During permanent snow cover the extent to which open areas was used decreased from 65% in periods without snow cover to 52% in other periods. At the same time the number of birds foraging in afforestations increased from 28% during periods without snow cover to 42% during periods with snow cover. The extent to which vegetation types was used also changed significantly. During the winter abandoned lands, which probably offer a richer food base, were used more often (56 vs. 23–33% in periods without snow cover). During permanent snow cover birds used higher perches, which presumably enabled them to observe a larger area and made hunting more efficient and compensated for limited access to prey.
Both the Buzzard and the Goshawk nested mainly in pines. The mean clutch size in the former was 2.8, in the latter 3.6 eggs per breeding pair. There were statistically significant differences in clutch sizes in the Buzzard in particular breeding seasons. The mean number of hatchlings was 2.3 in the Buzzard and 2.6 in the Goshawk. Brood losses were similar in both raptors —19% in the Goshawk and 24% in the Buzzard. The breeding success (the ratio of the number of fledglings to the clutch size) in the Buzzard was highest in clutches of 3 and 4 eggsy whereas in the Goshawk a similar level of success was achieved with smaller clutches (2 or 3 eggs). Only in the case of the Buzzard there were significant differences in clutch sizes and numbers of fledglings in the various years. In this species the mean number of fledglings was positively correlated with the rodent availability index in a given year. There was no such relationship between the abundance of prey items found in Goshawk nests and the number of fledglings. The correlation between the number of newly-fledged Buzzards and Goshawks in a given year could have been due to diet overlap between the two species.
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