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Phytosulfokine-α (PSK-α) (H-Tyr(SO3H)-Ile-Tyr(SO3H)-Thr-Gln- OH) (I), a sulfated growth factor universally found in both monocotyledons and dicotyledons, strongly promotes proliferation of plant cells in culture. The C-terminal truncated analog named PSK-β (Tyr(SO3H)-Ile-Tyr(SO3H)-Thr) (II) showed a 10-fold lower activity than that of the parent pentapeptide. Because PSK-α promotes proliferation and differentiation during the plant growth we undertook the studies on the influence of PSK-α on plant defense mechanisms in that period. In present studies on PSK-α (I), PSK-β (II), and its analogues, we performed a search of another biological properties. The aim of our investigation was evaluation of PSK-α, PSK-β and their selected analogues in relation to growth and development of plant pathogens, such as Phoma narcissi and Botrytis tulipae. In these studies we elaborated the synthesis of PSK-α or PSK-β and their 22 analogues modified by natural and non-natural amino acid residues. Peptides were synthesized by the solid phase method according to the Fmoc procedure on a Wang-resin. Free peptides were released from the resin by 95% TFA in the presence of EDT. Biological effect of these peptides was evaluated by test on the growth and development of pathogens of P. narcissi and B. tulipae.
A total of 15 isolates of B. tulipae collected from home grown tulips without chemical protection and two commercial tulip plantations were examined by RAPD fingerprint analysis. The first tulip plantation was protected by bulb treatment and foliage spraying with fungicides in the growing period and the second plantation - only by the application of fungicides in the growing period. In the previous study, a set of isolates obtained from a plantation with an extensive use of fungicides dem­onstrated a higher pathogenicity level measured by the inhibition of plant growth, the percentage of bulb and root necrosis in flower pot tests on forced tulips, and by the necrosis size in tests on leaf disks. The relationships between the groups and among isolates were determined by cluster analysis of mean character differences using UPGMA and NJ methods. Similarity index values ranged from 0.872 to 1; on average, the index value was 0.933. A mean similarity of genotypes indicated the highest genotype uniformity of isolates obtained from a plantation with the extensive use of fungicides. 3 groups of clusters, could be observed in the obtained dendrograms. The first cluster contains exclusively genotypes of isolates obtained from a plantation with an extensive use of fungicides, the second one only genotypes of isolates obtained from a plantation protected only by the application of fungicides in the growing period and the third - one genotype of previous group of isolates and four genotypes of isolates obtained from home grown tulips without chemical protection. The most distinct differentiation between the groups of isolates was observed by the amplification using primers G4, H20 and J13. The results of this study revealed genetic similarity between isolates which were obtained from chemically protected plantations and demonstrated a higher degree of pathogenicity in comparison to the isolates which were obtained from unprotected plants and showed a lower degree of pathogenicity.
New biological properties of selected insect peptides are presented. The subjects of the investigation included insect oostatic peptides, like Neb-colloostatin (I) and Neb-TMOF(II), and/or insect peptides with antiviral or antitumor activity, such as alloferon (III) and its analogues modified at position 1 of the peptide chain. In the study was also included the oligopeptide Any-GS (VII) and its truncated analogues. The peptides were tested for antimicrobial activity on a series of bacterial species, antiviral activity against Human Herpes Virus type 1 (HHV-1) in vitro using a Vero cell line, and the growth and development of plant pathogens Phoma narcissi and Botrytis tulipae. The results of the biological investigations indicate that among the peptides investigated, compounds VII and IX inhibit the growth of plant pathogens P. narcissi and B. tulipae, whereas compounds I and II stimulate the mycelium growth of the aforementioned pathogens. Other peptides show slow antimicrobial activity but do not inhibit the replication of HHV-1 in Vero cells.
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