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Metacercariae of Diplostomum spp. have been detected in the eyes (lens, humour and under retina) of many species of fish. Adult forms occure in the intestine of piscivorous birds, mostly Laridae. Eight young black-headed gulls, Larus ridibundus (L.) were infected with eye-flukes from the eyes of three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus (L.): five with flukes from the eye-lenses and three from the vitreous humour of eyes. After few days birds were euthanised with an ether overdose and the intestines were studied. In the intestine of experimentally infected birds were found adult stages of Diplostomum sp.
Short- and medium-distance migrant birds that return to the breeding grounds early can usually take better-quality territory leading to higher breeding success than of congeners arriving later. On the other hand, early breeders usually have to face severe weather conditions. 109 Black-headed Gulls which had begun laying in a breeding colony (N-Poland) earlier than the remaining 960 females lost 66.2% of eggs because of severely adverse weather. On 9 April 2012 ambient temperature fell to -4.6°C during the first two hours after sunrise (06:00–07:59) resulting in eggs cracking during the adults' first feeding bout after the night. Up to 1 mm wide cracks in eggshells were from 3 mm to 24 mm long; in some eggs the external shell membrane also broke. Pairs that lost eggs did not repeat broods. In this way in 2012 this colony suffered the greatest loss of eggs during its 15-years history. This event showed that even in the temperate climate, adverse weather, a consequence of the global climate change, does have negative impact on life history traits of birds.
Concentrations of heavy metals (lead, cadmium and copper) were measured in several tissues (pectoral muscle, liver, kidney, lung, femur, brain and feather) of the fledglings and adults of black-headed gull Larus ridibundus L. collected in breeding colony (c. 2000 pairs) in south-western Poland (Mietkowski Reservoir; 980 ha). Fourteen birds (5 fledglings and 9 adults) were collected shortly after death (unknown reason of mortality) in June and July 2003. The highest mean (± 1 SD) level of lead was demonstrated in femur samples (42.32 ± 31.42 μg g⁻¹ dry weight), whilst the lowest one, in muscle (3.59 ± 0.57 μg g⁻¹ d.w.). The highest and the lowest levels of cadmium were in turn demonstrated in kidney (5.51 ± 4.90 μg g⁻¹ d.w.) and in muscle (0.31 ± 0.22 μg g⁻¹ d.w.), respectively. Liver was the organ with the highest copper accumulation (29.22 ± 13.56 μg g⁻¹ d.w.), whereas the lowest amounts of the element were found in femur samples (2.79 ± 1.01 μg g⁻¹ d.w.). Among 21 pairs of tissues in which metal concentrations were compared, only in eight cases statistically significant differences between fledglings and adults were recorded. The accumulation of heavy metals in organs of black headed gull was up to c. 81-fold lower than in bottom sediments of this reservoir.
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