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The experimental plots were located in the middle forest zone (900– 950 m) on two nappes of the flysch Carpathians: Magura (the Ujsoły Forest District) and Silesian (the Wisła Forest District) in the spruce stands of age class 21– 40 years. Serpentinite was introduced in the autumn of 2008 on all plots while other fertilizers (N, P, NP and NPK) in the spring of 2009. Based on the chemical composition of soil solutions collected in lysimeters placed at the depth of 20 cm in the autumn 2008 and the spring and autumn 2009, ecochemical parameters were calculated: acid neutralization capacity (ANCaq), alkalinity (ALK), the degree of soil acidity (Ma%), acidic cations (Ma), saturation of the exchangeable complex of the soil solid phase (Mb) with alkalis, saturation with alkalis (BS), molar relations Ca/Al, Mb/Al, BC/Al. After the winter, soil solutions became acidic, especially in the Wisła Forest District. The saturation of the studied soils demonstrates moderate flexibility of soils in the Wisła Forest District in relation to acid load, and high flexibility of the Ujsoły soils. The opposite trend was observed for the degree of acidity of soils. Acid neutralization capacity and alkalinity of the waters showed significant variations in soil pH even in the case of small variations in the composition of the solution, if they were caused by the inflow of the anions of NO3 - and SO4 2-. After application of the fertilizers, an increase of Mg, Ca and Mb was noted in the soil solution, determined in the overlaying highly acidic organic horizons trough the ion-exchange buffering mechanism of highly protonated functional groups with high buffering capacity. Highly improved content of Mg in a soil, and in some cases – also the content of N, P and K, present potential improvement of forest growth capacity without the hazard of adverse side-effects of liming. Aluminum stress in the spruce is unlikely, while trees in the control plots in the Wisła Forest District may already be sensitive.
Preliminary studies on frost-hardiness of the current year shoots silver fir were conducted between the autumn of 2000 and the spring of 2001 on the 20-30 year old saplings, collected in 5 sample plots distributed throughout the Beskid Śląski Mts. The diffusion of electrolytes from shorts and needles kept in a freezer at the temperature of -25º and -33ºC was analysed using the Dexter's method. The investigations showed essential differences in frost-hardiness of young silver firs from different sample plots. The investigations have shown, that in this region the meteorological conditions similar to those recorded in the year 2000 can occur quite frequently, leading to the second flushing in silver fir. The delay in the October 2000 adversely affected the process of frost-hardening in silver fir, which increased the risk of frost injuries in harsh winter conditions.
The paper describes evaluation of spruce radial growth variability, based on of synchronized individual increment sequences (dendroscales). The empirical material were increment samples from 215 trees, growing on ten research plots in the Silesian and Żywiec Beskids. For each plot in each year there was calculated the raw average chronology, indexed chronology and the coefficient of variation for incremental indexes. In addition, an analysis of the occurrence of pointer years was performed. The observed medium-term changes of the analyzed incremental indices lead to conclusion that in the second half of the twentieth century, a certain external factor influenced the growth of tested spruces. Both the obtained results and the existing studies provide a basis for an assumption that this factor was mainly air pollution.
The amount of water stored in forest soils was estimated on the basis of 358 experimental trials with 18 monoliths taken from forest soils. Rainfall was simulated in two cycles of different length of break between rainfall events. The results showed, that the amount of water stored in forest soils was influenced both by the initial moisture content in samples and by the length of time between consecutive rainfall events (duration of drying). The ascertained differences in the amount of water stored in a sample amounted from 30% to 200% and were larger in case of longer breaks between consecutive rainfalls. The results can be explained by the differences in duration of water absorption by the particles of organic matter. The results indicated also, that the maximum amounts of water stored after a single rainfall event in organic layers of forest soils is larger than the maximum amount stored in the organic layer of a meadow soil of similar depth.
Badano główne źródła zanieczyszczenia związkami żelaza i manganu środowiska przyrodniczego Brennej: emisję dalekosięgającą i emisje lokalne.
The paper presents the results on studies, which dealt with a determination of relationship between annual ring widths of wounded firs formed before and after bark stripping occurrence on the undamaged side of stem and their dependence on features and location of wounds on trunks. The injured fir trees came from ten sample plots established in the Forest Experimental Station in Krynica (Beskid Sądecki Mountains). Analyses were done on discs cut from damage fir stems at the middle of the wounds. It was found that only width of ring formed in the first year after bark stripping was smaller than before wound occurrence. Average annual ring widths from three and five year periods following damage were larger than before it in the same period lengths. The increase of annual ring width occurred in the case of larger relative width and surface of wounds.
The regression formulas indicate a significant relationship between the initial moisture content and the density of soils with different content of organic matter. Differences in soil density can also explain the variability in the amount of water stored after a single rainfall episode Statistical tests indicated, that soil density explains 77% of the variability in the optimal initial moisture content and 69% of the variability of the largest increases in the amount of water stored in the sample. For the experiments with longer breaks between two consecutive rainfall episodes the error of estimation was smaller than for experiments with shorter breaks: this suggest, that the time of absorption of water by the organic matter in forest soils is also an important factor.
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