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The purpose of the publication was essential definition of total exposition indexes: of stream basin (CWex) and line index of the cross-section (CWLex) of the Baraniacki stream catchment area, a left-bank tributary of the Wierchomla Wielka river in the Beskid Sądecki Mountains (the Carpathians).
Wieloletnie obserwacje składu chemicznego wód paleogeńskiego (fliszowego) poziomu wodonośnego na obszarze Beskidu Sądeckiego wskazują, iż są to wody bardzo dobrej i dobrej jakości. Wynika to głównie ze sposobu zagospodarowania terenu oraz naturalnie chronionych obszarów zasilania. W wielu rejonach Beskidu Sądeckiego zwykłe wody podziemne współwystępują z wodami leczniczymi. Dlatego też dobra jakość wód zwykłych ma istotne znaczenie w kształtowaniu się chemizmu wód leczniczych. Przedstawiona w artykule charakterystyka hydrochemiczna oparta została o wyniki analiz fizyczno-chemicznych wód podziemnych wykonanych w 2012 r. w Centralnym Laboratorium Chemicznym Państwowego Instytutu Geologicznego – Państwowego Instytutu Badawczego (PIG-PIB).
The aim of this study is the analysis of relative humidity in timber forest and open area at Kopciowa, near Krynica Zdrój in Beskid Sądecki Mountains. The data comes from psychrometric measurements from 1971-1982, which were collected at the Phytoclimatic Research Station of the Department of Forest Climatology. The lowest values of relative humidity were spring, on average 80% on open area and 85% in timber forest. The highest values were autumn, properly 91% on open area and 94% under forest canopy. In all time periods fluctuations of relative humidity they were small in forest. In individual seasons of year and in vegetation period also, the relative humidity was greatest in forest. The biggest differences, on benefit of forest stand, were in spring months (April, May), the smallest differences were in November and December, and they were on average 4%. The differences of relative humidity for decade periods were between 8 and 15%, in pentad periods from 15 to 30% and in individual days they achieved 50% even.
The aim of this study is the analysis of multiannual changeability of air relative humidity in Forest Experimental Station in Krynica Zdrój. The data comes from measurements from 1971­2006, which were collected at the Phytoclimatic Research Station of the Department of Forest Climatology in Mochnaczka Wyzna (718 m a.s.l.) and meteorological station in Krynica Zdrój health resort (580 m a.s.l.) also Jaworzyna Krynicka summit (1113 m a.s.l.). The long-term mean annual air relative humidity was 84.9% with deviation of 2.4%. The highest long-term mean monthly sum of the air relative humidity falls to December (92.5%), and the lowest falls to May: 76.8%. The air relative humidity trend index has totaled -6.1% in multiannual 1971-2006. Five-year forecast has exerted negative trend of air relative humidity on Forest Experimental Station in Krynica Zdrój.
This study concerns the observations and measurements of snow-cover carried out during the period from 1970 to 1997 in the open area and in the fir-spruce forest at the Station of Phytoclimatic Research at Kopciowa in the Beskid Sądecki Mountains. It was found that the average duration of a stable and compact snow-cover is 118 days in the open area and 126 days in the forest. On the average snow appears on 13 November in the open area, and 7 days later in the forest. It disappears on 23 March from the open area, and nearly 3 weeks later from the forest. In the first half of the winter season the average depth of snow-cover in the forest is only a little smaller than in the open area, and it is characterized by a slightly greater variation. While from mid-February the snow-cover in the open area is thinner, and is much more variable than in the forest.
The study was carried out to estimate the frequency of fruit and vegetables consumption by the inhabitants of the Beskid Sądecki region. Moreover the preferences of species and of the form of these food products consumption in dependence of gender, age and income were defined. It was observed that only just 35.5% of respondents eat fruits every day, while 4% of persons never do it or less often than once a week. Vegetables are eaten less often than fruit. 54% of respondents are motivated by their taste preferences, while 41% are driven by advantages for their health. For elder people more important was the effect of fruit and vegetables on health. Similar approach was demonstrated by consumers of higher education and inhabitants of large cities. However, every second respondent consuming fruit and vegetables less often than once a day said that they saw no necessity of doing it more often. Over one fifth of respondents (20.4%) indicated no taste to eat such food, while similar number (17.2%) said that fruit and vegetables are too expensive.
The analysis of the meteorological vegetation season from the period of 1971-2000 was recorded in the Beskid Sądecki Mountains, in the phytoclimatic research station at Kopciowa near Krynica. The station is located at the altitude of 720 m. Its geographical coordinates are φ = 49º27 N and λ = 20°58' E. This paper jointly presents the length of the vegetation season and dates of its beginning and end. In the years 1971-2000 the meteorological vegetation season began on average on 14 April and finished on 19 October. Its duration was 189 days. The shortest vegetation season was noted in 1997 and lasted 160 days. The longest one occurred in 1989 for 211 days. The duration and dates of the beginning and ending are characterised by a large annual changeability. Almost 25% of annual indicators differed from one another by two weeks. The earliest date of the beginning of the vegetation season fell on March 28, 1989; the latest was on May 1, 1980. The latest end date of a meteorological vegetation season was November 16, 2000. The earliest end date was September 30, 1997. The average multi-annual air temperature of the vegetation season was 10,5°C. The warmest vegetation season in of the period of 1997-2000 occurred in 1983, with an average air temperature of 11.7°C.
The juvenile height growth of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) was studied in 1095 spruce provenances included in the IUFRO inventory provenance test of 1964/68. Trees growing on the experimental site established in Krynica in the Beskid Sądecki Mts. (Carpathians) were measured at ca. 3-year intervals in the period 1969-1988, from the age of 6 years (i.e. 2 years of planting) to 25 years. The variability of tree height in this spruce population was assessed on the basis of the means expressed in units of standard deviation, calculated for each provenance and each geographical region of Krutzsch in successive years of measurement. Using the standardised units made it possible to characterise the dynamics of spruce growth in provenances from 95 geographical regions representing the whole European range of the species. The effects of geographical region, tree age and their interaction on the variability of height growth within this range were estimated using multi-way analysis of variance with replicated measurements. The regions showing similar spruce growth trends were grouped by using hierarchical cluster analysis. The results on the juvenile dynamics of height growth showed that spruce provenances from various geographical regions of Krutzsch differ significantly in their genetic reactivity. Based on this, several groups of regions were identified: (1) regions with average or weak but stable spruce growth characterised by no significant effects of age or genotype × age interaction in the whole measuring period, or regions with height growth improving with age; (2) regions of spruce provenances constituting a selection elite, with very good height growth in the whole measuring period or in its later part, characterised by no G × A interaction; (3) regions with varied genetic reactivity of height growth dynamics in the juvenile period, and regions of Scandinavian populations with poorest height growth in the whole measuring period. The studies proved that spruce provenances from the regions of Štiavnické Pohorie, Low Tatras (Slovakia), Masurian Lakeland, Augustów Lakeland, Podlasie, Silesian Beskid Mts., Beskid Żywiecki Mts. (Poland), Jutland (Denmark), Bihor Mts., Transylvania, and Eastern Carpathians (Romania) have a high selection value.
Praca zawiera charakterystykę zmian wybranych cech, dotyczących m.in. budowy, struktury i składu gatunkowego drzewostanów w rezerwacie „Łabowiec", w latach 1980-1990. Вadania oparto na analizie danych zebranych na 15 poletkach próbnych, rozmieszczonych według zasad inwentaryzacji statystyczno-matematycznej, i na 2 klasycznych powierzchniach doświadczalnych, usytuowanych w charakterystycznych fragmentach rezerwatu.
The early and late frosts (type), ground and total (kind), at Kopciowa near Krynica are described. The variation of the beginning and end, duration, and the number of days with the light frosts of both types and kinds are analyzed. It was found that the number of the light ground and total frosts in the spring was twice as high as that in the autumn, although both seasons lasted for the same number of days. Besides, in both seasons the number of the light ground frosts was twice as high as that of the light total frosts. The light ground frosts also occurred during the summer season. No significant trend in changes of the indexes discussed was observed during 1971-2000. In 1980s there was a distinct increase of the number of days with the light ground frosts. During that period the light ground frosts began to occur earlier in the autumn and ended later in the spring. The number of days with a light frost, however, was not correlated with the length of the light frost period. It was impossible to foresee the beginning of the light total frosts on the basis of the date of the beginning of the light ground frosts. Also it was impossible to foresee the length of the light frost period in the spring on the basis of its length in the autumn, and vice versa. This also concerned the number of days with a light frost.
From among 392 Picea abies trees growing at the height of 700-800 m above the sea level in the Beskid Sądecki mountain range of the Carpathians (49o35’ N, 19o31’ E, southern Poland), infested by cambio- and xylophagous insects, 110 (28.1%) were also attacked by Ips amitinus (Eichh.). This bark beetle infested most willingly the weakened standing trees of age classes III-V (i.e. 41-100 years old) as well as trees recently overthrown, broken, and felled. It was most abundant in the middle part of the stem where the bark was 2-3 mm thick, infesting 38.4% of its length on the average. On a single tree I. amitinus always occurred in associations of cambio- and xylophagous insects composed of 2-12 species. There was only one generation of I. amitinus in the year, composed of the main brood and the sister brood. Its life-cycle is presented against a background of phenology of forest plants. There were three larval instars. Dimensions of all developmental stages and individual components of brood galleries are also given. I. amitinus plays an important role in killing weakened P. abies trees. The trap trees commonly used against Ips typographus turned out to be very effective also in the control of I. amitinus.
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