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In this study we present an analysis of prescription numbers of various antibiotic classes to Bavarian (Southern Gennany) outpatients between 2000 and 2006 compared to fluctuating resistance patterns in representative respiratory pathogens. Prescriptions of "narrow-spectrum" antibiotics (e.g. penicillins, macrolides) decreased by 39% while prescriptions of "broad-spectrum" antibiotics increased by 38%. The most prominent increase was for quinolones and cephalosporines class II. Prescriptions of these antibiotics exhibited prominent seasonal alterations suggesting that these drugs had been used for treatment of respiratory infections. In contrast, the numbers of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae detected in respiratory specimen decreased. Almost constant resistance rates of S. pneumoniae for first line antibiotics do not justify an increased use of cephalosporins class II and quinolones. Compared to Europe and Gennany in general, consumption of antibiotics is low in Bavaria. Even at this low level we propose an education of physicians treating outpatients in a way to avoid an excessive use of antimicrobials.
Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS), a rare autosomal recessive chromosomal instability disorder, is caused by mutations in the NBN gene. Most patients known so far are of Slavic origin and carry the major founder mutation c.657-661del5. Due to an unexpectedly high incidence of NBS patients (homozygous for the c.657-661 del5 mutation) in a Northeast Bavarian region in Southeast Germany, we estimated the prevalence of this mutation in this area and compared itto another German region. We found a high carrier frequency of 1/176 for the c.657-661 del5 mutation among newborns in Northeast Bavaria, while the frequency of the mutation in Berlin was 1/990. We further studied families from a Slavic population isolate, the Sorbs, in the Lusatian region in Northeast Saxony, and revealed a prevalence of thee.657-661 del5 mutation of 1/34. Whereas the Slavic origin of the Sorbs has been known, we attribute the surprisingly high frequencies of c.657-661 del5 mutation in Bavaria (similar to frequencies of this mutation in various Eastern European countries) to a high percentage of people of Slavic origin in Northeast Bavaria.
Agricultural work, particularly livestock farming, is considered to be a notable risk factor for occupational diseases. Endotoxin as a major component of organic dust causes adverse health effects of the airways among farmers. Endotoxin concentrations in airborne and settled dust were measured in modern, naturally ventilated animal houses for different species. Median values of airborne inhalable endotoxin ranged from 16.9 EU/m3 for dairy cattle, 557.9 EU/m3 for beef cattle, 668.7 EU/m3 for pigs, 463.2 EU/m3 for laying hens, to 1,902 EU/m3 for turkeys. The endotoxin levels in settled dust followed the same pattern as the airborne samples. The concentrations were lower than in previous studies, but the proposed Dutch endotoxin threshold (50 EU/m3) was exceeded in most cases. Thus, endotoxin levels in modern animal houses still give concern for health and further reduction of endotoxin exposure in animal houses is desirable.
The common shrew Sorex araneus Linnaeus, 1758 and pygmy shrew S. minutus Linnaeus, 1766 were live-trapped for 10 months in a spruce plantation. Mean home range sizes were 1058 (SD = 381) m2 for the common shrew and 2146 (SD = 147) m2 for the pgymy shrew. The density estimates of S. araneus varied from 4 ind/ha in winter to 26 ind/ha in summer, and these of S. minutus were 2 ind/ha and 7 ind/ha, respectively. Peak densities for both species occurred during August. It appears that maintaining a viable population of these two shrew species in this spruce plantation requires no special precaution.
Over 50 populations of Norway spruce from Bavaria were analysed at 23 isozyme gene loci. The mean genetic distances between these populations were quite small. A geographical grouping could not be observed, and discrimination between provenances from high and low altitudes was not identifiable using this marker type, either. The only difference between spruce populations from South Bavaria and those from Northeast Bavaria is in the presence of some distinct rare alleles. The highest values for the genetic diversity were detected for spruce stands in Northeast Bavaria (Frankonian Forest). Using STS markers, further genes of the nuclear genome of Picea abies can be dealt with. The genetic differences found on the basis of ten STS markers between different Picea abies seed lots and/or seedling populations are generally 2-3 times greater than those found by means of isozyme gene markers. DNA markers turned out to be an appropriate and substantial addition or even more a suitable alternative to isozyme markers for analysing genetic variation and testing provenance identity. Their advantages consist in a markedly wider variation as well as in the enlarged genome segments investigated.
Agricultural work is considered to be a major risk factor for occupational diseases. In particular, allergic reactions to cow dander cause numerous cases of airway disorders. We measured the concentration of allergens (e.g. Bos d2, Der p1) and endotoxin in the stables, living-rooms and mattresses of 46 farmers with a diagnosis of occupational asthma or allergic rhinitis caused by cow dander allergen. The concentration of cow dander allergen was highest in stables (median 20,400 µg/g) but also noticeable in dust samples from living-rooms (median 155 µg/g) and mattresses (median 195 µg/g). The sensitization threshold (20-50 µg/g) was exceeded in most cases. Thus, allergen transport from the stables to bed must be prevented by optimizing the hygiene of farmers and family members.
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