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Enzymatically formed peptides show positional variations as well as highly conserved amino acids. In the cases of gramicidin S, tyrocidine, linear gramicidins, enniatins, echinocandins and viridogrisein in vivo and in vitro studies indicate substrate selection at the level of amino acid activation as a major control step. Evidence for proof-reading steps beyond activation has been obtained in penicillin and cyclosporin biosynthesis. Activated substrate analogues may promote the formation of side products such as dipeptides and cyclodipeptides. Modifications of intermediates, such as N-methylation, influence the rates of peptide synthesis. These control steps pose limitations for the application of such enzyme systems in the production of peptide libraries. They may originate from a target oriented evolution of these synthetases.
Aureobasidium pullulans DSM-73015 grown on modified Biely's medium with different carbon sources at 1% concentration secreted very low levels of β-1,4-xylanase (148.4-4680.9 nkat mL-1; 675.1-9752.0 nkat/mg protein). Xylose was the best carbon source inducer upon addition of EDTA and NH4NOh simultaneously into the culture medium. In this case, both the volumetric and specific activities increased up to 4680.9 nkat mL-1 and 9752.0 nkat/mg protein. The highest volumetric ( 13080.9 nkat mL-1 ) and specific activity (14964.6 nkat/mg protein) were obtained after 96 h of cultivation on 3% xylose-containing medium supplemented with EDTA and NH4NO:ł at 0.06% and 0.6% (w/v) concentrations, respectively, at an initial pH value of 4. Added EDTA showed concentration-dependent stimulatory effect on β-l,4-xylanase synthesis and about 16.7-22 and 1.5-22-folds increase in both volumetric and specific activities were achieved compared to that obtained initially on Biely's medium at 1% xylose concentration.
The effect of different levels of inorganic nitrogen sources (0.15,0.21 and 0.25% nitrogen content) on the synthesis of cellulase-free ß-1,4-xylanase by Aureobasidium pullulans DSM-73015 was examined. Among inorganic nitrogen compounds tested, ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) was the best inorganic nitrogen source at 0.21% nitrogen content that gave the highest volumetric and specific activities (8830.09 nkat mL-1; 10767.15 nkat/mg protein) after 96 h of cultivation, while urea displayed the lowest effect. Partial characterization of this crude enzyme produced after optimization processes on two different buffer systems showed that its optimum pH activity was 4, while the thermoactivity had its maximum at 50°C in both buffers. The highest volumetric and specific activities obtained were 20102.35 nkat mL-1; 23000.40 nkat/mg protein for sodium acetate buffer and 19852.30 nkat mL-1; 22714.31 nkat/mg protein for sodium citrate buffer.
The strain Aureobasidium pullulans A.p.-3 was subjected to mutagenesis to improve its ability to pullulan biosynthesis. The mutagenesis of 18-h old culture was carried out in two variants using ethylen imine (EI) and ultraviolet (UV) radiation at the EI concentration and UV exposure times of 2.0 mg/mL and 1.5 min (variant I), and 2.0 mg/mL and 2.0 min (variant II). Among 240 cultures examined, the positive mutants made 26% for variant I and 13% for variant II. Two best black mutants Dy-17 and Dx-30 synthesized the polysaccharide with the yields greater than those of parent strain by 24 and 21%, respectively. White mutant was also obtained, the pullulan yield for which was on the level as for strain A.p.-3, but free from melanin contaminants. Acquired characteristic of black mutants was found stable when re-examined after 3- and 6-month storage at 4°C. The kinetics of pullulan biosynthesis by black mutants indicated that the pullulan production was intensified beginning from the second day of culturing, as compared to strain A.p.-3.
The effect of concentration of saccharose (30-80 g/L) and ammonium sulfate (0.2-1.0 g/L) in the medium on the synthesis of pullulan in batch culture of A. piillulans A.p.-3 was studied. Several combinations of concentration of these compounds were used and the kinetics of biosynthesis was studied during 96 h of cultivation. Based on the mathematical model derived, it was assessed that the optimum concentrations of saccharose and ammonium sulfate in the medium were 60 g/L and 0.72 g/L, respectively. The yield of pullulan in the medium with the optimal concentrations of saccharose and ammonium sulfate was 9.9 g/L after 96 h of cultivation.
Molasses brew was applied in the production of pullulan by Aureobasidium pullulans A.p.-3. The brew was diluted to 40 g/L dry weight and supplemented with saccharose to 50,60, and 70 g/L. In the second phase of the experiment the brew was diluted to 10,20 and 30 g/L d. wt. and the media supplemented with saccharose and (NH4)2SO4. After 96 h of incubation 1.36 g of polysaccharide per 100 mL of brew media containing 20 g/L d.wt. was obtained. In the remaining samples, smaller quantities of polysaccharide were acquired. It was thus ascertained that excessive development of fungi biomass and weaker production of pullulan was observed compared with results on synthetic medium.
Samples of peanuts, hazelnuts and walnuts were covered with a pullulan coating prepared from 10% anhydrous solution of pullulan. The pullulan was obtained from a batch culture of a white mutant of Aureobasidium pullulans B-1. Over 90 days of nuts storage at a room temperature, analyses were carried out for changes in the acid and peroxide numbers of fat extracted from the nuts, as well as for changes in nut mass loss. The pullulan coating applied was found to exert a positive impact on the reduction of physicochemical changes occurring in the stored nuts. It inhibited processes of hydrolytic rancidity and oxidation of fat of the nuts. It had especially beneficial effect on walnuts, in which it inhibited the negative changes in lipids over the entire storage period. It was also observed that mass losses of the coated nuts were smaller and occurred in substantially shorter time span as compared to the uncoated nuts.
W hali wegetacyjnej oceniano wpływ grzyba Aureobasidium pullulans na zdrowotność liści pszenicy ozimej odmiany Bogatka. Analizowano także liczebność bakterii z rodzaju Azotobacter oraz grupy pseudomonad zasiedlających ziarno bezpośrednio po zbiorze oraz sześciu miesiącach przechowywania. Opryskiwanie roślin zawiesiną komórek A. pullulans przyczyniło się do ograniczenia nasilenia objawów mączniaka prawdziwego zbóż i traw na liściach podflagowych i flagowych, jednak skuteczność zabiegów biologicznych była istotnie mniejsza niż fungicydowych. Wielokrotne traktowanie roślin dużym stężeniem zawiesiny komórek A. pullulans na ogół przyczyniało się do lepszego rozwoju roślin oraz do istotnego wzrostu liczebności endofitycznych bakterii z rodzaju Azotobacter i epifitycznych bakterii z grupy pseudomonad.
The abundance and species composition of fungi colonizing grain of spring wheat cvs. 'Koksa' and 'Torka', grown in the conventional and organic farming systems, was assessed in 2004-2006. More colonies of Alternaria alternata, Aureo- basidium pullulans, Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium spp., Gibberella spp. were isolated from wheat grain obtained from conventional farms. Intensive chemical control did not reduce the abundance and species diversity of Fusarium spp., Gibberella spp. A considerably higher number of Epicoccum nigrum colonies were isolated in the organic farming system, as compared with the conventional system.
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