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Medycyna Weterynaryjna
|
2010
|
tom 66
|
nr 07
s.475-479,tab.,bibliogr.
Varroasis has been treated with numerous different substances, including amitraz, which has been used since 1981. In 1984, Apiwarol AS - a drug in the form of a flammable tablet containing 12.5 mg of amitraz - was registered. The active substance, diffusing with smoke particles into the beehive, paralyzes Varroa destructor within an hour. Amitraz is also used as a component of other drugs, e.g. Biowar, which has the form of plastic strips containing 400 mg of the active substance. Unlike in the case of Apiwarol AS, amitraz diffuses slowly, reaching a therapeutic level in the beehive in 6-8 weeks. Over 25 years of observation on the combating of varroasis indicate that the parasites may develop resistance against amitraz, which has usually been observed after treatment with strips. Presumably, a long exposure to the substance released from the strip is more likely to produce resistance than fumigation with Apiwarol AS over a relatively short time. However, some reports of a reduced efficacy of fumigations have also been made. In these cases the efficacy of the drug may have been reduced by such factors as inappropriate application; season of the year and time of the day when the drug was used as well as the number of fumigations. On the other hand, a comparison of results for the years 1981-1985, 1986-2000 and 2001-2009, presented in numerous studies, indicates that there were no statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) differences in the efficacy of combating V. destructor with amitraz in these periods, which was 93.6 ± 3.73%, 95.4 ± 3.43% and 93.2 ± 6.59%, respectively. Nevertheless, further laboratory and field investigations are required to assess the ability of the parasite to develop resistance against Apiwarol AS.
The aim of research was to characterize the share of physical damage to the chitin plate and the position of fallen mites on hive boards after use of different varroacidal treatments. Bee colonies (Apis mellifera carnica) were not treated or treated with organic acids (formic, lactic and oxalic), Beevital Hive Clean (F&B GmbH, Austria) and Apiwarol AS (Biowet - Poland) - 10 colonies per treatment. Mites that fell on paper with glue on solid boards after varroacidal treatments (n = 200 mites/group) were analyzed for physical damage to the chitin plate (indentation or rupture) and position of the mite’s body after fall (natural - with legs directed to the bottom or upside down). Natural fall of mites in bee colonies without any treatment characterized with approximately 20% of mites with physical damage to chitin plate and with nearly 50:50 share of mites in the natural position (45.5%) vs. upside down (54.5%). The fall of mites from bee colonies differed due to the use of varroacidal treatment. Significant differences in physical damage share to mites’ chitin plate were observed after use of Apiwarol AS, formic acid, lactic acid, oxalic acid and Beevital Hive Clean preparation; respectively 1.5, 17.0, 12.0, 33.0 and 31.0% (P ≤ 0.05). The high incidence of physical damage to the chitin plate while using oxalic acid and Beevital Hive Clean indicate the direct activity of bees in removal of mites. The share of the mite fall position on the bottom (natural and upside down) did not differ to the natural fall of dead mites after use of oxalic acid (49.0 vs. 51.0 %) and Beevital Hive Clean preparation (51.5 vs. 48.5%) in contrast to fallen mites obtained after use of Apiwarol AS (13.5 vs. 86.5%), formic acid (25.5 vs. 74.5%) and lactic acid (38.5 vs. 61.5%). Significant differences observed in the picture of the mite fall may be used as a diagnostic tool for discriminating between different varroacidal treatments used in field examinations.
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