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Aphis spiraecola is a recently found pest on apple in Bulgaria, where it develops in the absence of secondary hosts. The aphid has displaced the native species Aphis pomi DeGeer in some regions of the country. Its development, from newborn nymph to adult female takes, in laboratory conditions, 9-10 days at 22-24°C or 6-7 days at 28-30°C. The average fecundity of one female at both temperatures is 9.5-10.5 nymphs. Under field conditions, in May and July of 2007 and 2008, the full development lasted 8.1-8.6 days of average, and the average fecundity of one female was 20.7-21.2 nymphs. About 67% of them became adults, but more than 20% of the females died without having progeny. Theoretically, the species could develop twenty and more generations per the vegetation period of apple.
The morphs of green apple aphid occurring on apple host in Himachal Pradesh, which is the main apple growing state of India, were ascertained and their life history was studied on the apple nursery plants from 2002 to 2006 in Mashobra locality (3101'N latitude, 7701'E longitude and altitude 2286 m above sea level) of Shimla district and Ner Chowk locality (31032'N latitude, 76054'E longitude and altitude 878 m above sea level) of Mandi district of Himachal Pradesh. Only two kinds of parthenogenetic morphs i.e. apterous and alate parthenogenetic viviparous females occur in this state. Biological characteristics, life history and behaviour of these morphs were studied in different seasons Heavy infestations of green apple aphid prevent the terminal growth of the plants which show distorted growth. This aphid pest builds up big colonies on twigs, leaf petioles and the underside of the leaves. Its settling behaviour on apple plants allows accommodating large number of aphids in a small area on shoots and leaves. Maximum alate morphs were produced from May to August and number of alates was also more in crowded colonies. The alate aphids infest new plants and build up new colonies there. The populations of this insect pest increase in early May and reach high peaks in July. The effect of aphids’ feeding on the growth of nursery plants was also measured.
The studies were conducted in the years 1999-2001 in the green areas of Lublin, on the trees of Crataegus x media Bechst. The purpose of the studies was to establish the species composition and the population dynamics of aphids inhabiting hawthorn in the street and park sites. The studies found out the presence of four aphid species on the examined trees, namely Aphis pomi De Geer, aphids from the genus Dysaphis Bom., Ovatus crataegarius (Walk.) and Rhopalosiphum insertum (Walk.). More aphid species and bigger popu1ations were found in the street site (A) as compared with the park site (B).The weather conditions (air temperatures of over 30°C and stormy rainfalls) limited the population of all aphid species. On the other hand, a mild winter and a warm spring with the rainfalls within the norm caused that the number of aphids decreased considerably.
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