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The investigations aimed to determine the impact of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (K¨utz.) K¨utz. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs ex Bornet et Flah., both toxic algae, on the grazing intensity of Daphnia magna Straus. In order to determine the parameter permitting the quantitative determination of the grazing intensity of herbivorous organisms, methods based on the following techniques were applied: microscopy, to determine the degree of gut fullness; spectrophotometry, to determine the levels of chlorophyll a and its degradation products in the food composition; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the content of exogenous and endogenous carotenoids. Each of these methods confirmed that the tested algae species inhibited grazing intensity in D. magna Straus. The most obvious effects were obtained when M. aeruginosa (K¨utz.) K¨utz. was used as food. With these cyanobacteria, the gut fullness indicator did not exceed 58%, and the chlorophyll a content in the digestive system of the tested D. magna was three times lower than that in the control organisms. It seems that the defensive reaction of organisms was a reversible process. However, the possibility of a long-term, sublethal influence of cyanobacteria on the physiology and internal processes of this species cannot be ruled out.
Cyanobacteria, otherwise known as blue-green algae, are oxygenic, photosynthetic prokaryotes. They occur naturally in many fresh, marine and brackish waters worldwide and play an important role in global carbon and nitrogen cycles. In their long history, cyanobacteria have developed structures and mechanisms that enable them to survive and proliferate under different environmental conditions. In the Baltic Sea, the mass development of cyanobacteria is compounded by a high level of eutrophication. The dominant species in the Baltic, the filamentous Aphanizomenon flos-aquae and Nodularia spumigena, can fix dissolved atmospheric N2, as a result of which they can outcompete other phytoplankton organisms. Heterocystous, filamentous cyanobacteria also make a significant contribution to the internal nutrient loading in the Baltic. The blooms of N. spumigena are of particular concern, as this cyanobacterium produces nodularin (NOD), a hepatotoxic peptide. The concentration of the toxin in the sea is regulated mainly by dilution with uncontaminated water, photolysis, sorption to sediments and microbial degradation. The transfer of the toxin in the Baltic trophic chain through zooplankton, mussels, fish and birds has been reported, but biodilution rather than bioconcentration has been observed. Cyanobacterial blooms are thought to pose a serious threat to the ecosystem. Their harmful effects are related to the occurrence of a high biomass, oxygen depletion, a reduction in biodiversity, and the production of toxic metabolites.
In 1992, there took place in the Goczałkowice Reservoir intensive water blooms caused by blue-green algae with the domination of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. They led to the dying out of the bottom macrofauna (Chironomidae, Oligochaeta, Ceratopogonidae larvae) and other animals connected with the bottom (Decapoda, Bivalvia). It is assumed that this event was due to the toxic effect of the metabolites of the blue-green algae.
The eutrophication of the Sulejów reservoir dam in Poland is connected with the problem of toxicity of cyanobacterial blooming (blue-green algal blooming). The main species responsible for hepatotoxic ”algal bloom” formation is Microcystis aeruginosa. The aim of this study is to evaluate the influence of the toxic cyanobacterial extract containing microcystins on the growth and morphology of a water plant (Spirodela oligorrhiza) and animal cells (rat hepatocytes). A higher concentration of cyanobacterial extract (MC-LR = 343 µg/dm3) reduced the number of fronds by about 50% in comparison with the control. The extract affected the reduction mass of fronds and the concentration of chlorophyll. The activity of the constitutive acid phosphatase decreased. The first morphological changes in rat hepatocytes typical of apoptosis were observed after 30 minutes of incubation with the cyanobacterial extract. The hepatocytes underwent cell membrane blebbing (MC-LR = 100 µg/dm3). The next 30 minutes of incubation caused an increase in the percentage of deforming cells of more than 50% (MC-LR = 100 µg/dm3). High chromatin condensation and apoptotic bodes were observed in 90% of cells after 120 minutes (MC-LR . 500 µg/dm3). The results of studies confirm the high toxic and cytotoxic effect of blue-green algal blooming from Sulejów reservoir on both plants and animals.
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