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The paper contains descriptions of three species of cestodes from three species of penguins on King George Island: Parorchites zederi (Baird, 1853) in Pygoscelis papua, P. antarctica and P. adeliae, Tetrabothrius pauliani Joyeux et Baer, 1954 in P. antarctica and P. adeliae and T. joubini Railliet et Henry, 1912 in P. antarctica. Tetrabothrius pauliani is recorded for the first time in the South Shetlands, and P. adeliae is a new host record of this parasite. A description is given of P. zederi cercoids found in seal intestine. The question of the geographical distribution of the species under study is discussed, as well as the problem of the life cycle of P. zederi.
Three forms of tetraphyllidean cercoids occurring in the alimentary tract of bony fishes are described. Cercoids with bilocular bothridia (probably Pseudanthobothrium sp.) and with trilocular bothridia (probably Oncobothrium sp.) are similar to those occurring at the South Shetland Islands. Cercoids with subcylindrical bothridia (possibly Marsupiobothrium sp.) are for the first time described from the Antarctic. Results indicated the presence of representatives of not less than three tetraphyllidean genera in elasmobranchs (probably skates) occurring in the Ross Sea.
Soils around the Polish Arctowski Station, Maritime Antarctic were mapped and studied in the lab. They were formed from Tertiary basalt, moraines and solifluction deposits, partly influenced by recent volcanic ash. Regic and Leptic Cryosols as well as Gelic Leptosols on steep slopes without or low vegetation cover were found, whereas very young moraines had Calcari-vitric Cryosols. Moderate slopes below 60 m a.s.l. had Molli-gelic Cambisols with a dense grass cover, whereas the lowlands near the station had Histic and Salic Fluvisols Most soils below 60 m a.s.l. had higher phosphate contents due to the influence of birds, particularly penguins. Cryoclastic weathering together with cryoturbation were the main soil forming processes but chemical weathering took place also. The appearance of pedogenetic iron oxides as well as illites, smectites and allophane in the clay fraction indicate solution-chemical weathering and the new formation of minerals. Some of the soils were influenced by water stagnation, others by ortstein formation. Relatively high contents of organic matter are the result of an absolutely low biomass production but higher in relation to the activity of soil microbes, together with influences of cryoturbation and of the birds.
Year-round monitoring of five Antarctic pinnipeds was conducted in Admiralty Bay from 1988 up to 2000. Two breeding species: southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina (Linnaeus, 1758) and Weddell seals Leptonychotes weddellii (Lesson, 1826), were present throughout the year. Three other species: crabeater seals Lobodon carcinophagus (Hobron and Jacquinot, 1842), leopard seals Hydrurga leptonyx (Blainville, 1820), and Antarctic fur seals Arctocephalus gazella (Peters, 1875) visited the area only for short periods. During this study, the abundance of elephant seals was stable, whereas those of Weddell and crabeater seals declined. Leopard seals numbers fluctuated irregularly. We detected a possible immigration from South Georgia: of a stable magnitude for elephant seals, and of variable magnitude, depending on food accessibility, for Antarctic fur seals. We found a strong recurrence of the spatial distributions of elephant, Weddell, and Antarctic fur seals in the 13 oases on the shore of Admiralty Bay. Annual distribution patterns were characteristic for each species. The innermost beaches were used predominantly by the animals during their annual fasts: the breeding and the moulting seasons.
Syntypes of Macvicaria pennelli (Leiper et Atkinson, 1914) and Allocreadium fowleri Leiper et Atkinson, 1914 are re-examined and a new material from the Ross Sea is described. A. fowleri is considered identical with M.pennelli in the immature stage. Digeneans occurring in the Western Antarctic regarded by various authors as M. pennelli are considered as belonging to a separate species. The name M. georgiana (Kovaljova et Gaevskaya, 1974) comb. nov. is proposed for them. The species differ in sucker ratio and arrangement of vitelline follicles between the ventral sucker and gonads. M. pennelli occurs in the sub-continental zone of the Eastern Antarctic, while M. georgiana occurs in the Western Antarctic, at South Georgia, South Orkney Islands, South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. A key to five representatives of the genus Macvicaria reported from the Antarctic fishes is included.
Lecithaster macrocotyle Szidat et Graefe, 1967 is redescribed basing on specimens from various notothenioid fishes, including the type host, Parachaenichthys charcoti (Vaillant, 1906). Lecithaster micropsi sp. n. is described based on specimens from a gadiform fish, Muraenolepis microps 1905 and from some notothenioid fishes. The species differ from each other in shape of oral sucker, pharynx/oral sucker ratio, oral/ventral sucker ratio and arrangement of uterine loops. L. macrocotyle occurs at the South Shetland Islands and South Georgia, and in the Kerguelen subregion. L. micropsi sp. n. occurs at South Georgia and on the Falkland-Patagonian shelf. Both species are compared with other representatives of the genus Lecithaster occurring in the southern hemisphere.
A novel type II restriction endonuclease UnbI was isolated from an unidentified psychrofilic bacterial strain from Antarctica. UnbI recognizes and cleaves the sequence 5'-GGNCC-3', producing 5 nucleotide long sticky ends. In this respect it differs from its neoschizomer Sau96I and all other restriction enzymes recognizing this sequence. UnbI has a relatively low temperature optimum of 15 degrees C to 20 degrees C and its activity is completely inhibited by inorganic phosphate.
Bryoria forsteri Olech and Bystr. is described as new to science. The species is endemic to Antarctica and differs from its nearest relative Bryoria chalybeiformis (L.) Brodo and D. Hawksw. in the lack of soralia; lack of proper pseudocyphellae; absence of fumarprotocetraric acid; in the different structure of the cortex and by having another kind of photobiont.
One of the most significant global climatic events in the Cenozoic was the transition from greenhouse to icehouse conditions in Antarctica. Tectonic evolution of the region and gradual cooling at the end of Eocene led to the first appearance of ice sheets at the Eocene/Oligocene boundary (ca. 34 Ma). Here we report geological record of mountain glaciers that preceded major ice sheet formation in Antarctica. A terrestrial- valley-type tillite up to 65 metres thick was revealed between two basaltic lava sequences in the Eocene- Oligocene Point Thomas Formation at Hervé Cove - Breccia Crag in Admiralty Bay- King George Island- South Shetland Islands. K-Ar dating of the lavas suggests the age of the glaciation at 45-41 Ma (Middle Eocene). It is the oldest Cenozoic record of alpine glaciers in West Antarctica- providing insight into the onset of glaciation of the Antarctic Peninsula and South Shetland Islands.
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