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Exsheathed infective larvae, fourth stage larvae and adult A. ceylanicum were surface labelled with biotin. The surface proteins were extracted sequentially with Tris buffer saline, sodium dodecyl sulphate and 2-mercaptoethanol then analysed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting. It was found that A. ceylanicum expresses different surface proteins on each of its three parasitic developmental stages and that these proteins vary in their immunogenicity to the host. Most of the proteins on the surface of exsheathed infective larvae were TBS-soluble and some of these elicited serum antibody responses in infected hamsters. The antibody response to surface antigens recognised by post-primary infection sera was not boosted on reinfection but challenge exposure to larvae induced antibody reactivity to 3 additional L3 polypeptides. The most intense reactivity of post-infection sera was evident with SDS-soluble surface proteins of fourth stage larvae. The post-infection sera showed weaker recognition of the surface antigens of adult worms compared to both larval stages, although the same sera were intensely reactive with adult worm somatic proteins.
Hookworms are blood feeding intestinal nematodes that infect more than 500 million people and cause iron deficiency anemia. Infected children suffer from physical and cognitive growth retardation. Because of potential anthelminthic drug resistance, the need for vaccine development is urgent. Numerous antigens have been tested in animal models as vaccines against hookworm infection, but there is no effective human vaccine. We cloned a cDNA encoding Ancylostoma ceylanicum metalloprotease 6 (Acemep-6). Ace-MEP-6 is a protein with a predicted molecular mass of 101.87 kDa and based on computational analysis it is very likely to be engaged in food processing via hemoglobin digestion. Groups of hamsters were immunized with an Ace-mep-6 cDNA vaccine, either once or three times. Animals that were administered one dose developed high resistance (80%, p < 0.01) against challenge infection, whereas triple immunization resulted in no worm burden reduction. These results suggest that DNA vaccines can be powerful tools in ancylostomiasis control, although the mechanisms through which protection is conferred remain unclear.
Ancylostoma ceylanicum belongs to a group of soil-transmitted helminths, which infect almost 576 mln people worldwide and are a major cause of anaemia and malnutrition. Upon contact with a permissive host, third-stage larvae (L3) residing in the environment become activated larvae (ssL3), a process associated with changes in the profile of gene expression. Ancylostoma secreted proteins (ASPs) are the major proteins secreted during larvae activation and play a crucial role in hookworm adaptation to parasitism. Here we report the cloning using RACE-PCR technique of three novel ASPs from the hookworm A. ceylanicum (Ace-asp-3, Ace-asp-4, and Ace-asp-5) and computational analysis of the protein sequences. All three proteins contain SCP (Sperm Coating Protein) domain characteristic for previously described ASP proteins. Real-time PCR analysis shows significant up-regulation of Ace-asp-3 and Ace-asp-5 expression in adult worms and correlated down-regulation in ssL3 larvae. On the other hand, expression of Ace-asp-4 was increased in ssL3 stages and decreased in adult parasites.
The humoral response in hamsters following vaccination against Ancylostoma ceylanicum infections with DNA construct was investigated. Groups of hamsters were injected intramuscularly with plasmid pcDNA 3.1, containing cDNA of ACEY-1 cysteine proteinase. Vaccination resulted in IgG antibody response to somatic extracts of adult A. ceylanicum. The highest level of antibodies was observed seven weeks after vaccination.
The aim of the study was the production of chicken polyclonal antibodies recognising hamster IL-4, IL-12p35, and IFN-γ, which were further used to estimate cytokine concentrations in splenocyte culture supernatants, obtained from three age groups of Ancylostoma ceylanicum infected hamsters. Worm burdens differed significantly among age groups; the younger animals were the more heavily infected. Th1 and Th2 type cytokines were detected only in cultures containing spleen cells from the oldest hamsters, which were the most resistant to hookworm infection. In cultures of cells from young more susceptible hamsters, the presence of IL-4 and IL-12 but not IFN-γ were observed.
The potential tertiary structure of Ancylostoma ceylanicum cysteine proteinase was obtained by Automatic Program 3D-JIGSAW and used for finding homologues of known structure by VAST program. The results of computational analysis showed the presence of domains recognizing host immunoglobulins. Based on this analysis we suggest that this protein is involved in cleaving of host antibodies and therefore it may be promising vaccine candidate. In this paper we present the computational analysis of parasitic antigen which is very helpful in evaluation of the potential role of this protein.
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