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The mitochondrial genetic differentiation of the Mediterranean horseshoe bat, Rhinolophus euryale Blasius, 1853, was investigated in southeastern Europe and Anatolia. Mitochondrial DNA tRNA-proline and control region sequences were used for the analyses. As a result of the phylogenetic analyses, two reciprocally monophyletic clades were found with very high support. The results suggested that secondary contact after allopatric differentiation in separate glacial refugia, and subsequent range expansion was the best explanation regarding the evolutionary history of this species in the region. The geographical distribution of the haplotypes also suggested that the Balkans and the Black Sea could be representing refugia from which the region was populated. There also was evidence for population expansion following a pattern of isolation by distance, with geographically more distant samples also being genetically more differentiated.
Krüper’s Nuthatch (Sitta krueperi, Passeriformes) is small-area confined species and it mainly occurs in Anatolia in Turkey, but small numbers are found on the adjacent Lesvos Island and the Caucasus region. It is considered as a “near” threatened species by IUCN. Breeding success of Krüper’s Nuthatchs, which use nest cavities excavated by woodpeckers or make their own entrance holes in slightly decayed old tree trunks, is about 72% fledged birds and main food is composed of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera. Although this species is mainly confined to red pine (Pinus brutia) forest, it occurs also in the other coniferous habitats. Krüper’s Nuthatch was surveyed in four regions of Mediterranean Turkey: the Antalya, Central Taurus, Aladağlar region and Amanos Mountains on an area of 27.9 km². Total of 395 point counts were taken in coniferous forests during the breeding season 2005 to explore the factors which affect the population distribution and density. For each point counts following habitat parameters were measured: (1) height of canopy top, (2) height of canopy bottom, (3) tree diameter at breast height, (4) percentage cover (5) average distance between two trees, (6) total number of strata of vegetation and topographic data (altitude, degree of slope, direction of slope, soil texture). The average density of Krüper’s Nuthatch recorded in the all sites was 7.38 ± 0.57 birds km⁻². However, it differs between regions (ANOVA; P <0.0001) with highest density in the Antalya region (12.10 ± 2.10 birds km⁻²), and a decrease to the east with lowest density in the Amanos Mountains (2.42 ± 0.98 birds km⁻²). Krüper’s Nuthatch breeding density was higher in high altitude and in black pine (Pinus nigra) forest. The highest mean density was found in black pine forests (12.69 ±2.4 birds km⁻²; n = 29), followed by Cilician fir (Abies cilicica) forest (11.61 ± 2 birds km⁻²; n = 39), Lebanon cedar forest (Cedrus libani) (8.49 ± 1.8 birds km⁻²; n = 25) and red pine (Pinus burutia) forest (7.75 ± 0.9 birds km⁻²; n = 188) respectively. We also found a negative correlation between the densities of Krüper’s Nuthatch and the total number of strata of the vegetation. High number of the birds occurs in more open coniferous forests. Mature coniferous forests especially black pine forests at high altitudes should be preserved for its conservation in Antalya region.
Background. The Izmir nase, Chondrostoma holmwoodii (Boulenger, 1896), an endemic species for the inland waters of Turkey, is in the category of DD “Data Deficient” in the list of IUCN Red Data Book. There are insufficient data on the biological characteristics of the species in the literature. The aim of this study was to obtain the growth characteristics of Izmir nase population from Western Anatolia and compare them with the previous data reported in literature. Materials and Methods. Biological features of Izmir nase were examined based on a total of 1208 specimens collected from Tahtalı Dam Lake during the period May 2006–April 2007. Age of fish was determined by reading scales. Length–weight relation and the von Bertalanffy equation were used to evaluate the fish growth. Results. Scales reading indicated the presence of 5 age classes. The computed growth parameters were: L∞ = 29.19 cm, k = 0.177 · year–1 and t0 = –3.258 year–1 for both sexes. The length-weight relations were estimated as W = 0.019 L2.97, W = 0.012 L3.11 and W = 0.011 L3.13 for females, males, and both sexes combined, respectively. Conclusion. The Izmir nase from Tahtalı Dam Lake was characterized by linear growth and it was observed that the fish grew faster during the first two years. Many endemic fish species in inland waters of Turkey are under the threat of extinction due to human activities (pollution, drought, dam construction, habitat degradation, and overfishing) but the species is not threatened by these factors in the study area.
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Despite the importance of the Paşalar fauna for the evolution and biogeography of Miocene mammals, few studies on its rodents have been published. In this paper a taxonomic analysis of the Paşalar rodents and the possible correlation that can be based on them are presented. Several rodent taxa, previously unknown from Paşalar are described. These include the cricetids Megacricetodon andrewsi sp. nov. and Democricetodon brevis (Schaub, 1925), the sciurids Spermophilinus bredai (Meyer, 1848) and Sciurinae indet., and the glirid Peridyromys lavocati sp. nov. The taxa previously described from Paşalar are: the ctenodactylid Sayimys cf. intermedius (Sen and Thomas, 1979), the cricetid Cricetodon pasalarensis (Tobien, 1978), the spalacid Pliospalax marmarensis Ünay, 1990 and the castorid cf. Chalicomys jaegeri Kaup, 1832. These determinations represent a reduction of the number of taxa recorded from the locality, as previous papers listed up to five sciurids. Only two sciurids and two glirids are recognized in this study. Mainly on the basis of the new cricetid records, it is possible to correlate the Paşalar fauna to late MN6.
Anatomical and palynological features of E. algidum Bieb., E. palustre L., E. ponticum Hausskn., E. confusum Hausskn., E. hirsutum L. and E. montanum L. collected from NE Anatolia were examined and evaluated by numerical analysis in order to determine the taxonomic value of the observed internal peculiarities. Features related to pollen shape and ornamentation, idioblast distribution, number of palisade parenchyma rows and the presence and distribution of sclerenchyma fibers were found to be important in separating the examined taxa. Principal component analysis showed that the anatomical characters are more important than the palynological ones in explaining the total variation among the examined taxa.
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