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The suppressive effect of sodium and calcium salts applied individually or combined with the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Alternaria solani the causal agent of early blight disease of potato was evaluated under laboratory, greenhouse and field conditions. In vitro test a complete inhibition in fungal growth was observed at concentration of 30 mg/ml of both sodium bicarbonate and calcium chloride. The commercial backing yeast S. cerevisiae (CBY) enhanced the inhibitory effect of tested salts reflected in increasing mycelial fungal growth reduction when combined at the rate of 1:1 at each concentration tested. In pot experiment, under artificial infestation with pathogenic fungus, application of sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride significantly reduced the early blight incidence and severity by increasing their concentrations. Their most effective concentration were 30 mg/ml that reduced the disease incidence by 50 and 62.4%, respectively. Superior effect of sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride in disease reduction was observed when they combined with CBY. Field trails for evaluating the most promising greenhouse treatments were preformed under natural infestations during two successive summer seasons. Calcium chloride proved higher efficacy for reducing both disease incidence and severity than that of sodium bicarbonate when applied either alone or combined with CBY. Also, it is observed that increasing concentrations of both sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride showed parallel decrease in disease incidence and severity. Application of (CBY) enhanced the efficacy of salts spraying against early blight disease. Similar trend was also observed with the increase of potato tubers yield. On the light of the present study it could be suggested that the usage of combined application of the yeast S. cerevisiae with sodium bicarbonate or calcium chloride might be used as easily applied, safely and cost effective control methods against such plant diseases.
The fungicidal effect of some essential oils against Alternaria solani one of the species that cause early blight of potato was evaluated under in vitro and field conditions. Effect of carnation, caraway, thyme oils and the chemical fungicide Ridomil MZ 72 at various concentrations on mycelial growth of A. solani was tested. Carnation oil had the strongest and most extensive inhibitory effect on fungal growth. Slightly less effective were caraway and thyme oils followed by the chemical fungicide. Extended field trails for two cultivation seasons proved that the application of essential oils twice as foliar spray had a superior effect to the fungicide treatment for reducing the early blight incidence comparing with untreated control. An opposite relationship between the disease incidence and concentrations of applied essential oils was observed. The increase in potato yield also followed the same trend. The highest reduction in disease incidence and yield increase was recorded in treatments with 1% of carnation, caraway and thyme oils in descending order. Ridomil MZ 72 applied at the dose recommended by manufactories had a low effect in this regard. Essential oils treatments might be used as easily applied, safe and cost effective control methods against such plant diseases.
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Alternarioza ziemniaka

83%
Information on the spatial variability in plant disease is essential for location-based disease management. In the current study, the spatial distribution of tomato early blight disease was ascertained in District Gilgit, GilgitBaltistan, Pakistan. The comprehensive field survey was carried in two growing seasons (2014–2015), whereas in each growing season, 62 tomato fields were surveyed. Based on the distribution of disease, the respective thematic maps (incidence and severity) were prepared using Arc Map 10.1 with spatial analyst function of Arc GIS software by means of the inverse distance weight (IDW) interpolation method. Results indicate that early blight of tomato is spatially distributed in both growing seasons. However, in the first growing season, the disease incidence ranged from 10.22% to 44.16% and during later season 14.03–49.16%, whereas 5.37–16.40% and 6.52–26.94% severity was recorded. Furthermore, this information indicates that higher disease infestation occurred in 2015 in relation to 2014. This information linked to metrological data (temperature, precipitation and relative humidity), seemingly favored the early blight development during the growing period. Seven botanical extracts were tested against pathogen Alternaria solani at different concentrations (4, 6 and 8%). Results revealed that all tested plant extracts showed antifungal activities. However, at 8% concentration of plant extract, Datura starmonium, Berberis orthobotry, Podophyllum emodi and Uretica dioica exhibited >60%, while Peganum harmala, Artemisia maritima and Capparis spinosa <60% antifungal properties. The information generated due to this study could help the tomato growers regarding disease management and selection of resistant cultivars, improving profitability and food security in the Gilgit region.
In the years 2000–2003 under Polish climatic conditions early blight occurred at different level of incidence on over 90.6% of surveyed fields. Time of disease appearance in different regions was closely related to climatic conditions. On average, early blight appeared on potato plants 59.3 days after planting, earlier than late blight. In the years 2001–2003, efficacy of six selected fungicides in early blight control was examined in field conditions. Experiments carried out in the Department of Potato Protection and Seed Science of Plant Breedingand Acclimatization Institute. Field trials located in two sites – at Bonin and Stare Olesno revealed much slower development of early blight on these fields where chemical protection was applied as compared to untreated control. Efficacy of plant protection program carried out in Bonin over three years varied from 40% to 63.9%. Effectiveness of selected products was higher in Stare Olesno at higher infection pressure, and ranged from 49.8% to 66.6%. However, efficiency of chemical protection in early blight suppressing is not as satisfactory as in late blight control. In field experiments good control of early blight resulted in tuber yield increase. In Bonin yield increase varied from 5.5 to 24.2% and in Stare Olesno from 12.2 to 34.4%.
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