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Seed germination and seedling growth of Albizia lebbeck and and Leucaena leucocephala were significantly (p < 0.05) reduced at 500 and 700 ppm of lead and cadmium as compared to control. 700 ppm of Pb showed the highest reduction in seed germination and seedling growth of both species. Lowest reduction in different parameters of Albizia lebbeck and and Leucaena leucocephala were found at 500 ppm of Cd as compared to other treatments applied in this investigation. Percentage of tolerance was lowest at 700 ppm of lead than other treatments. L. leucocephala was comparatively more tolerant to Pb and Cd than A. lebbeck.
The growth of Albizia lebbeck benth., Peltophorum pterocarpum Baker and Ficus religiosa L. were slow during the initial period of May and early June, but during the later half the growth rate increased. All species showed less growth in the city areas of Gulshan-e-Iqbal, Nazimabad and Liaquatabad as compared to the University campus, which is a clean area. Among the species studied, P. pterocarpum was more tolerant of automobile pollution and existing climatic conditions.
The effect of automobile pollutants on plants growing in Karachi during different seasons were studied. In response to the polluted environment, the phenology of Guiacum officinale and Peltophofum plerocarpum was highly affected at M. A. Jinnah road, the most polluted area of the city. Automobile emissions also significantly reduced the productivity of fruits and flowers in. G. officinale, whereas Azadirachta indica was found comparatively resistant to automobile emissions. The trees growing on the busy roads produced a significant effect on seed germination. The seeds of Albizia lebbeck showed significant reduction in germination as compared to Peltophorum plerocarpum. Effective identification of air pollutant sources and their accumulation in plants would be helpful for environmental protection. The findings would also be helpful for understading the ecological value of vegetation which maintains water, climatic conditions and protection from the hazardous effect of air pollutants.
The seeds of Albizia lebbeck, Leucaena leucocephala and Peltophorum pterocarpum show a high rate of germination in the soil extract of control (campus) as compared to polluted areas (city). Germination percentage was lowest in the soil extracts of Guruminder and M. A. Jinnah road. The seedling length of A. Lebbeck and P. pterocarpum was not significantly altered by the soil extract of city areas, whereas L. leucocephala showed significant results. Reduction in root length was high in P. pterocarpum; similarly, it also showed a reduction in dry weight. This would indicate that P. pterocarpum was found to be the most susceptible species to automobile pollution. It showed reduction in germination, root and seedling length and biomass production. Tolerance of this species was also lowest as compared to other species.
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