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The presence of symplasmic isolation and symplasmic continuity which are functional aspects of cell-to-cell communication, had been studied in cambium of Acer pseudoplatanus and Ulmus minor, with hope that uniqueness of this meristem, exemplified by its morphology and seasonal variations in its activity is also manifested in differences in the efficiency of communication between cambial cells during the year. The degree of symplasmic continuity was estimated by loading the fluorescent symplasmic tracer to the stem and following its distribution in a population of cambial cells observed on tangential, transverse and radial sections. In active cambium the tracer did not enter the rays. This suggested that the ray and fusiform cells, growing and dividing intensively at different rates were specifically isolated from each other. In the state of dormancy the tracer was present also in the rays implying continuity between the two types of cambial cells. Temporal restriction in tracer spreading from secondary xylem to cambial region was observed on transverse sections in both physiological states of the meristem. Higher degree of symplasmic isolation in active cambium is, most probably, associated with functional distinctiveness of ray and fusiform cells. We hypothesize further that the symplasmic continuity in dormant cambium results from the open conformation states of plasmodesmata, because the energy costs of these states are low. It is reasonable strategy when cambial cells do not divide and maintenance of their functional individuality is not necessary.
Support of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) plantations by amelioration has been tested in air-polluted sites in the mountains since 1993. The research locality is a site with humic podzol soils at an altitude of 960 m a.s.l. Dolomitic limestone (1 kg per tree) was mixed with soil used for planting tree seedlings. According to the results of a 15-year investigation (1993– 2008), liming had a positive effect on beech tree growth, while the positive effect of liming on tree growth was temporary in the case of sycamores. Ca content was higher in the limed beech plantations throughout the observation period. Soil analyses (sampled in 2002) showed that the application of dolomitic limestone influenced soil conditions markedly in terms of increased pH. The pH values measured in H2O increased from 4.9 to 6.2 for beeches and from 4.3 to 6.1 for sycamores.
The role of soluble sugars in desiccation tolerance was investigated in seeds of two species from the genus Acer: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) — tolerant and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) — intolerant to dehydration. During two years of observations it was found that seeds of Norway maple acquire desiccation tolerance at the end of August i.e. about 125 days after flowering (DAF). During seed development, the transition from intolerant to tolerant state in Norway maple seeds was accompanied by the accumulation in seed tissues of raffinose, stachyose and sucrose. The sucrose/raffinose ratio in Norway maple seeds was lower than in sycamore. In mature Norway maple seeds sucrose and raffinose contents were higher than in sycamore. It was concluded, that soluble sugars such as sucrose, raffinose and stachyose may play an important role in desiccation tolerance and/or intolerance of Norway maple and sycamore seeds. Differential thermal analysis (DTA) was used to study the relationship between desiccation sensitivity and the state of water in seed tissues. The level of non-freezable water was the same in both analysed seed species, but the temperature of water crystallization during desiccation was lower in sycamore seeds.
Membrane phospholipid composition was investigated in seeds of two species from the genus Acer: Norway maple (Acer platanoides L.) — tolerant to desiccation, and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) — intolerant to desiccation, during their maturation, from 1 August to 25 September 1995, at weekly intervals. Seeds of Norway maple acquire tolerance to desiccation at the end of August ie. about 125 days after flowering (DAF). Phospholipid composition during development revealed marked differences between studied seeds. Seeds of Norway maple after acquiring tolerance to desiccation contained much more phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), compared to sycamore. The ratio of PC/PE in mature Norway maple seeds was evidently higher than those in sycamore. The level of unsaturated fatty acids in the phospholipid fraction substantially increased in Norway maple seeds during development and the saturation of PC and PE was less than in sycamore. The results suggest that phospholipid composition may be involved in desiccation tolerance of Norway maple seeds.
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