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The aim of this study was to identify the most common bacteria that may be found in the blood or on the feathers of white stork (Ciconia ciconia) chicks and predict their pathogenic potential for birds and humans. A variety of microorganisms, which include Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus vitulinus, and Pseudomonas sp. were found. Based on breeding population densities and reproductive success over the past 25 years, we found no apparent effects of bacterial infections on the white stork population in Poland.
The potential role of currency in the spread of pathogenic microflora has been evaluated in many countries. In this study Polish paper notes and the coins in general circulation were assayed for the presence of cultivable bacteria and fungi. Bacterial isolates identification was based on cultural and biochemical characters and by comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence. Fungal isolates were recognized with biochemical and morphological criteria. Coagulase-negative staphylococci, (43.6% of the total bacterial count) including Staphylococcus saprophyticus, S. epidermidis, and S. hominis, and Enteroccus spp. (30.8% of the total bacterial count), i.e. E. faecalis, E. faecium and E. durans, were the most numerous bacterial contamination. Penicillium spp., and Aspergillus spp. were the most frequently detected moulds whereas Candida spp. was the most frequent yeast isolated from currency. A visible dependence between the banknote denomination, the physical condition of paper currency, and the number of bacteria and fungi was found. The overall count of bacteria isolated from currency was thousand-fold higher than that of fungal isolates. The total amount of bacteria and fungi recovered from the coins was approximately 2.7-fold lower than that isolated from the notes. In summary, the Polish currency notes were found to be contaminated mainly with commensal bacteria and fungi while the opportunistic pathogenic microorganisms Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas stutzeri and C. albicans were detected at a low frequency.
The Vistula Lagoon (southern Baltic Sea) is a shallow and highly eutrophic water body, with frequent blooms of cyanobacteria dominated by Microcystis and Anabaena species. Two Microcystis strains, MK10.10 and MAKR0205, isolated from the lagoon were characterised in this work. The morphology of the isolates differed significantly with respect to cell size and their ability to form aggregates. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence and 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence, both isolates were classified as Microcystis aeruginosa. However, only one isolate, MK10.10, possessed the mcy genes responsible for microcystin biosynthesis and only this strain produced microcystins. The effects of environmental factors, such as light, temperature and salinity, on toxin production turned out to be minor. Under the culture conditions used in the experiments, the biomass of the toxic MK10.10 was always lower. Hybrid quadrupole-time-of-flight liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (QTOF-LC/MS/MS) was used to elucidate the structure of the microcystin (MC) variants produced by MK10.10. Based on molecular ion and fragmentation spectra, the toxins were identified as MC-LR, MC-VR and MC- HIlR. Our study confirmed that some morphological criteria could be useful in preliminarily assessing the potential toxicity of a Microcystis bloom.
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