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Six bacterial strains isolated from the surface water of the southern Baltic Sea were described on the basis of their morphological, physiological and biochemical features, and were classified on the basis of 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Comparative analyses of the 16S rDNA sequences of five of the six bacterial strains examined displayed a ≥98% similarity to the sequences available in the NCBI GenBank. The 16S rDNA sequence of strain 2 shared only a 96% similarity with other published sequences, which suggests that this is a new, hitherto unknown species. The isolated heterotrophic bacteria belong to the families Bacillaceae (strain 1), Flexibacteriaceae (strain 2), Sphingomonadaceae (strains 3, 5), Micrococcaceae (strain 4) and Aurantimonadaceae (strain 6). This is the first study in which the polyphasic approach has been applied to the identification of heterotrophic bacteria from the brackish waters of the Gulf of Gdańsk and Gdańsk Deep.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Demyelination in the experimental models is followed by successful remyelination. However, remyelination in post-spinal cord injuries is failed and often incomplete. The purpose of the present study is to determine if induction of remyelination could promote axon growth in the total spinal cord injury model of the adult rat. METHODS: Demyelination within the dorsal and ventral funiculi were induced with an intraspinal injection of ethidium bromide (EB) either immediately after transection (single injected group) or twice, immediately after and at 5 days post-transection (double injected group). RESULTS: We observed decrease in total area covered by Iba1- positive macrophage and GFAP-positive astrocyte at the injury epicenter in both single and double EB injected rats at 14 dpl. The number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) significantly increased in adjacent to the transection area at 14 days after injury in both experimental groups and remained elevated for 2 months after injury in double injected rats. The highest area of neurofilamentpositive axons at the injury epicenter and lesion adjacent area was observed in double EB injected animals. Neurofilament-positive axons in these animals were frequently found associated with periaxin, which presumably expressed by myelinating Schwann cells. Remyelination improved the recovery of locomotion and supported serotonergic 5HT fiber growth through the injury site. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that focal demyelination reduces glial scar formation, induces OPCs recruitment and differentiation, and creates a unique environment, which is permissive for spontaneous axon growth which could be promising in order to achieve functional improvement.
CD44 is a multifunctional cell surface glycoprotein which regulates cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions in a variety of tissues. CD44 was implicated in the development of peripheral nerves, functioning as a coreceptor for ErbB class of growth factor receptors. However, it is not known whether CD44-ErbB interaction may occur at the adult peripheral synapses. Here we studied, using Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging Microscopy, the proximity between CD44 and ErbB3 at the rat neuromuscular junction (NMJ). This was performed in muscle sections co-immunostained for CD44 and ErbB3, using secondary antibodies coupled to Alexa488 and Alexa647 respectively. Neuromuscular junctions were visualized using Alexa555-bound α-BT. The FRET between Alexa488 (donor) and Alexa647 (acceptor) was judged by measuring an accompanying changes in the donor fl uorescence lifetime. We found that the mean fl uorescence lifetime of the donor fl uorophore labeling CD44 protein was considerably shorter over the NMJ than in nonsynaptic sites. Then we compared normal rat muscle to the muscle affected by denervation in the transgenic model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Importantly, ALS-like neurodegeneration resulted in signifi cant increase in molecular proximity of CD44 and ErbB3 at the NMJ. The specifi c complex formation between the two proteins was confi rmed using immunoprecipitation analysis. Our study provides novel data on the molecular architecture of the neuromuscular synapse in both health and disease.
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