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The reductive removal of hexavalent chromium Cr⁶⁺ by iron slag from aqueous solutions was investigated. Iron slag was treated with a grinding miller and washed thoroughly. The redox reaction of iron slag onto the chromium Cr⁶⁺ was initiated by Fenton’s reagent (Fe²⁺/H₂O₂). The optimum conditions for adsorption of Cr⁶⁺ were found to be as follows: pH 3; photocatalyst dose 0.13 g/L; COD 400 mg/L; Cl⁻ concentration 5 mg/L; matrix was gravel and construction waste and contact; reaction time was 270 min. In addition, the action mechanism of each factor in the wastewater was analyzed. In the reaction system, pH was the main influencing factor. When the pH was 3, the reduced rate of Cr⁶⁺ could reach 99%. High salinity had a certain effect on Cr⁶⁺ reduction. When the Cl⁻ concentration was more than 6 mg/L, Cr⁶⁺ reduction rate was below 90%. Owing to high efficiency and low cost, iron slag could be used as an effective catalyst for Cr⁶⁺ removal from wastewater.
Group-living animals may need to spend less time being vigilant, consequently, having more time for other important activities such as foraging (i.e., group size effect). Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) is a group-living social animal, and a study was conducted in Qinghai Province of China during June–August 2006 by using a continuous focal sampling method to investigate the influences of group size, sex, within-group spatial position, and nearest-neighbor distance on individual vigilance level (defined as scanning frequency per minute). Male gazelles were more vigilant than females. The gazelle’s vigilance level decreased with group size (group size effect), but only for females. The individuals at the central positions within a group were less vigilant than those at the peripheral positions, but the nearest-neighbor distance did not have any significant influence on the individual vigilance level. Our results support the hypotheses of group size effect and edge effects, but the sexual difference in vigilance level and in the response to group size effect on vigilance suggests that there may be sexual difference in the function and targets of vigilance behavior of Przewalski’s gazelles, which warrants more investigation, with incorporation of within-group spatial position, to better understand the mechanism underlying the group size effect and edge effect.
Greenhouse gas emissions are a worldwide concern, especially in China, who has become the largest greenhouse gas emitter. In 2013, China initiated pilot emissions trading schemes (ETS) in seven regions with the aim of creating a national system by 2017 to reduce carbon emissions at low cost. We provide a systematic overview of the practice, performance, and problems of China’s ETS pilots during the first stage, which lasted from 2013 to 2016, and highlight some proposals for the forthcoming national system. We depict the features of the pilots by focusing on the core elements of the ETS: scope, cap setting, allocation, MRV, and compliance. The performance of China’s ETS pilots is characterized by low carbon prices with severe temporal fluctuation, and low levels of liquidity with high compliance rates. The problems include over-allocation of emission allowances, inadequate legal and regulatory infrastructure, underdevelopment of the carbon financial market, and poor market transparency. Accordingly, we propose recommendations from the perspective of legislation, cap setting, transparency, price management, and policy coordination.
Impounding by the Three Gorges Project (TGP) changed the hydrological process and affected the ecosystem in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Poyang Lake is closely linked with the Yangtze River. This paper presents a coupled numerical model designed for simulating the tempo-spatial variation of water quantity and quality in the lake’s water system that features complex river-lake interactions. According to the calculated results of a typical year (2000) under two scenario schemes, we evaluated TGP’s effects on the ecological environment of the lake. The results show that due to TGP impoundment, the hydraulic gradient at the lake outlet has increased and that the outflow fluctuates dynamically and regularly with the increase and decrease of the TGP released discharge. The lake water level falls in advance and the average reduction magnitude of the water level decreases progressively from north to south, showing a spatially uneven effect, which is 0.95 m, 0.70 m, 0.74 m, 0.35 m, and 0.80 m at Xingzi, Tangyin, Duchang, Kangshan, and Wucheng stations, respectively. The ammonia nitrogen output from the lake to the Yangtze River increases and the total ammonia nitrogen amount within the lake region decreases. The average ammonia nitrogen concentration within the lake region tends to increase slightly and the influence magnitude on the concentration is reduced from north to south. The wetland vegetation area fluctuates dynamically with the decline of the water level, and the increase of the wetland vegetation area ranges from 0.64 to 215.48 km2. As a result of the falling water levels, the bottomlands in the lake region are exposed relatively earlier and the continuous exposure days increase, which intensifies the problem that migrant birds do not have enough food. Meanwhile the number of days when the bottomland and wetland are submerged decrease, which will further accelerate the degradation succession of wetland vegetation.
As a type of natural energy resource, wind power is used in the modern implementation of wind-assisted technologies as a method for reducing the fuel consumption and environmental pollution of ocean-going ships. In order to promote the full usage of ocean wind energy for cargo ships, an innovative type of ship propulsion-assisted wing sail is proposed in this paper. The propulsion efficiency of this new wing sail can be increased by enlarging its area in both the transverse and vertical directions in good weather conditions, and it can be folded up automatically in poor weather conditions, improving the sailing safety of the ship. The sail parameters relating to the gaps and rotation angles between different parts of the wing sail are compared, and the values giving the best aerodynamic performance are identified using CFD simulation technology. The results for the lift and drag coefficients for the new wing sail at different attack angles are also compared with those of traditional aerofoil sails, including an arc-shaped rigid sail and a variable-camber sail proposed in 2015. From the viewpoint of the sailing performance of the vessel, our results demonstrate that this new type of wing sail has good aerodynamic performance and can reduce fuel costs for commercial vessels
Corporate environmental information disclosures (EIDs) are important policy tools for environmental protection. This paper assesses and longitudinally examines EID changes in Chinese listed nonferrous metal companies from 2008 to 2012 through their annual, social responsibility, environmental, and sustainability reports. Using content analysis and multivariate regression methods, we fi nd a signifi cant increase in the quantity and quality of corporate EIDs post-2010, though the overall level is still not high. Company size, profi tability, and government regulation signifi cantly and positively affect EID. In addition, we fi nd that state-owned enterprises are more likely to disclose environmental information than private ones.
As the main predator and disperser of seeds, rodents play an important role in the process of vegetation regeneration by adopting different foraging and hoarding strategies in forest ecosystems. Infrared automated detection cameras and seed-tagging methods were used to understand the effects of rodents on seeds in natural environments. We chose the dominant species Apodemus peninsulae (Korean field mouse) as the focus of this study, and seeds of the three species Pinus koraiensis, Corylus mandshurica and Quercus mongolica were released and tracked in a temperate forest in northeast China. The results showed that approximately 80% of the seeds were manipulated by A. peninsulae, 15.1% of the seeds were used as food, 20.4% of the seeds were handled after feeding, 41.3% of the seeds were handled during storage, and 23.3% of the seeds remained intact. In addition, A. peninsulae preferred Q. mongolica (85.3%) and P. koraiensis (85.6%) over C. mandshurica (59.2%). The rodents frequently hoarded seeds from every species in many small, close-range, widely dispersed, single scatter-hoarded caches around the seed station. Most caches were dispersed approximately 2–4 m from the seed station. The results indicated that A. peninsulae adopted significant discriminatory processing strategies for predation, consumption, dispersal and hoarding of the different seeds of sympatric species. Seed size, proportion of kernel mass, nutrient content, and hull thickness characteristics affected the scatter-hoarding decision processes.
The measured values of river health indexes that are not necessarily in the same range of a certain health grade level cause the problem of how to classify the actual status of river health. To solve such incompatibility and evaluate the health condition of a river ecosystem objectively we can use the river health integrated index (RHI), which was determined by the fuzzy matter-element extension assessment model (FMEAM). FMEAM was established by combining the fuzzy matter-element extension assessment method with the proposed aggregative index system. By employing the model above, as well as data from the 1980s, 1990s, and 2000s, we evaluated the health state of the Luanhe River. The results showed that the Luanhe River was in a sub-healthy state in the 1980s and in an unhealthy state in the 1990s and 2000s. The reasons leading to the Luanhe River’s health degradation have been analyzed. Among them, water conservation projects’ building and operations are the major influence factors. Waste water emissions, the expansion of urban built-up areas, over exploitation of groundwater, and other unreasonable human activities also intensified the river ecosystem degradation. Finally, countermeasures for the ecological restoration and protection of the river were put forward.
Wetland protection, floral and faunal resource management, and habitat migration are all concerns for the ecological risk of wetland landscapes. Indices of landscape-scale ecological risks have the potential to influence changes in landscape patterns, the conditions of endangered plants and animals, and influences from nature and humans. Semi-variation function and gravity center models were used to quantify risk area changes. The changes of landscape ecological risk were analyzed for Bayanbulak Wetland from 2000 to 2010. In addition to landscape and species distribution data, GIS technology and remote sensing were used in this study. Results show that landscape structure changed over the 10-year period, with high-cover grassland area decreasing the most. Landscape pattern index types also changed for the study area. The number of landscapetype patches to low-cover grassland decreased, the landscape fragmentation index of dry land and high-cover grassland was reduced, and the interference degree of middle-cover grassland increased over the study period. The index of landscape ecological risk decreased from 2000 to 2010, with the spatial structure changing from a single center concentration to a multi-center distribution. All varying ecological risk regions of gravity centers moved from the northeast to the southwest. The gravity migration of the Level 2 region moved the furthest. Additionally, evidence suggests that various threatening factors reduce the ecological function and systems of wetlands. These include climate change, biological invasion, human activities, and water pollution. This paper assesses the heritage site landscape ecological risk and calculates the gravity center change of the region, which can be formulated to enrich and develop the research of small- and medium-sized wetlands in cold, semi-arid climates.
Water nitrogen and phosphorus may exhibit pronounced diel changes as affected by diel temperature and DO fluctuations due to algal productivity (photosynthesis and respiration) in eutrophic lakes. Here, we used a laboratory experiment to evaluate the diel dynamics of water ammonium (NH₄⁺), nitrate (NO₃⁻), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in different periods of algal bloom in the highly polluted region of Taihu Lake, China. Results showed that diel changes of water NH₄⁺ , NO₃⁻, and SRP depended on the different periods of algal bloom. Diel variations of NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and SRP showed increased trends during algal decomposition, and decreased trends at the beginning of algal growth, suggesting that their diel variations were mainly controlled by algae self through nutrients released by decomposing algae or algal assimilation. However, water NH₄⁺, NO₃⁻, and SRP decreased from predawn maxima to afternoon minima and subsequently increased when Chl-a was high, which might be governed by the combined effects of algal assimilation and geochemical processes (e.g., nitrification, denitrification, and Fe-bound P cycles). Overall, the diel biogeochemical cycles of inorganic nitrogen and SRP have important implications for the accuracy of pollution assessment and provide important support for the control and management of eutrophic lakes.
Background: The transcription factor Oct4 plays a pivotal role in the preimplantation development of the mouse embryo. DNA methyltransferase 1 (Dnmt1) maintains the changes in DNA methylation during mammalian early embryonic development. Little is known of the role of Oct4 in DNA methylation in mice. In this study, Kunming white mice were used as an animal model to reveal any correlation between DNA methylation and Oct4 during mammalian embryonic development. Results: The expressions of Dnmt1 and Oct4 were initially studied using real-time PCR. They exhibited different patterns during the pre-implantation stage. Moreover, by using a promoter assay and ChIP analysis, we found that the transcriptional activities of Dnmt1 in mouse NIH/3 T3 cells and CCE cells were regulated by Oct4 through direct binding to the − 554 to − 294 fragment of the upstream regulation element of Dnmt1. The downregulation of Dnmt1 expression and enzyme activity by mouse Oct4 were further confirmed by transfecting Oct4 siRNA into mouse CCE cells. Conclusion: Our results indicate that Oct4 is involved in DNA methylation through the regulation of Dnmt1 transcription, especially during the early stages of mouse pre-implantation embryo development.
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