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For the study of the effect of 2D and 3D mathematical model in salinity simulation, with Liuheng island strong brine discharge of seawater desalination project as an example, using 2D and 3D salinity mathematical models of Liuheng island to simulate coastal hydrodynamic environment and salinity distribution before and after the concentrated brine discharge, and analyzed the results. Finally got the applicable scope of the two models, it has an important significance in the study of similar problems
Belowground properties strongly affect agricultural productivity. Traditional methods for quantifying below- ground properties are destructive, labor-intensive and point-based. Ground penetrating radar can provide non-invasive, areal, and repeatable underground measurements. This article reviews the application of ground penetrating radar for soil and root measurements and discusses potential approaches to overcome challenges facing ground penetrating radar-based sensing in agriculture, especially for soil physical characteristics and crop root measurements. Though advanced data-analysis has been developed for ground penetrating radar-based sensing of soil moisture and soil clay content in civil engineering and geosciences, it has not been used widely in agricultural research. Also, past studies using ground penetrating radar in root research have been focused mainly on coarse root measurement. Currently, it is difficult to measure individual crop roots directly using ground penetrating radar, but it is possible to sense root cohorts within a soil volume grid as a functional constituent modifying bulk soil dielectric permittivity. Alternatively, ground penetrating radar-based sensing of soil water content, soil nutrition and texture can be utilized to inversely estimate root development by coupling soil water flow modeling with the seasonality of plant root growth patterns. Further benefits of ground penetrating radar applications in agriculture rely on the knowledge, discovery, and integration among differing disciplines adapted to research in agricultural management.
Fatty acid compositions of peach (Prunus persica L. Batsch) mesocarp tissues from ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’ and its firm-fleshed mutant ‘Shuangjiuhong’ were examined by gas chromatography during the developmental stages from 20 days before to 20 days after fruit ripening. Fruits were harvested at 4-day intervals from July to September. The predominant fatty acids were linoleic, palmitic and linolenic acids with 27.66–48.93 %, 23.59–31.65 %, and 12.08–28.35 % in ‘Shuangjiuhong’, and 32.64–42.79 %, 23.53–28.95 %, 16.14–39.15 % in ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’, respectively. Saturated fatty acids (palmitic and stearic acids) remained relatively constant throughout the ripeness period. On the contrast, from 15 days before ripening, notable decline in oleic acid and increase of linoleic and linolenic acids were observed in both cultivars. In addition, from 10 days before ripening, much lower levels of oleic and linolenic acids and higher proportion of linoleic acid were observed in ‘Shuangjiuhong’ than those found in ‘Kawanakajima Hakuto’. And notably higher SFA level, lower levels of UFA and IUFA in the firm-fleshed peach were investigated during those stages. Correlation analysis showed that oleic acid and SFA had very significantly positive, whereas linolenic acid, UFA and IUFA had significantly negative correlation with fruit firmness. These results above suggest that lower levels of oleic and linolenic acids, UFA and IUFA, and higher linoleic acid and SFA content represent fruits with firmer flesh and help to retain the fruit texture.
This research investigates the spatial and temporal trend analysis of precipitation time series. Precise predictions of precipitation trends can play an imperative role in economic growth of a country. This study examined precipitation inconsistency for 23 stations at Dongting Lake, China, over a 52-year study period (1961-2012). Statistical, nonparametric Mann- Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho tests were applied to identify trends within monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation. The trend-free pre-whitening method was used to exclude sequential correlation in the precipitation time series. The performance of the Mann-Kendall (MK) and Spearman’s rho tests was steady at the tested significance levels. The results showed a fusion of increasing and decreasing trends at different stations within monthly and seasonal time scales. The results obtained with the Mann-Kendall and Spearman’s rho tests showed agreement in their assessments of monthly, seasonal, and annual precipitation trends. The variability of negative and positive trends at various stations points to the need for more detailed studies on the climate change of this region. In the case of whole Dongting basin on the monthly time scale, a significant positive trend is found, while at Yuanjiang River and Xianjiag River both positive and negative significant trends are identified. Only Yuanjiang River has shown a significant trend on the seasonal time scale. No significant trends have been exhibited on the annual time scale in any case. In the case of monthly, Nanxian station exhibited the maximum positive increase in monthly precipitation during the months of July and September. In the case of seasonal, only Tongren station showed a positive trend on the monthly level, and no significant negative trends were detected in both spring and autumn seasons.
The cucumber cotyledon greening bioassay for cytokinins was modified by using 95 % acetone -ethanol in stead of 80 % acetone as ex traction solvent. The cotyledons were ex tracted directly with a 2:1 (v/v) ac e tone-ethanol solution in dark for 24 hours, omitting the homogenization and centrifugation operations of the previous bioassay. The modified bioassay is more convenient and especially use ful in screening cytokinin-active substance from a large number of samples.
Background: Inflammation is an important pathogenic component of endotoxemiainduced acute kidney injury (AKI), finally resulting in renal failure. Diacerein is an interleukin-1β (IL-1β) inhibitor used for osteoarthritis treatment by exerting antiinflammatory effects. This study aims to investigate the effects of diacerein on endotoxemia-induced AKI. Methods: Male C57BL/6 mice were intraperitoneally injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 10 mg/kg) for 24 h prior to diacerein treatment (15 mg/kg/day) for another 48 h. Mice were examined by histological, molecular and biochemical approaches. Results: LPS administration showed a time-dependent increase of IL-1β expression and secretion in kidney tissues. Diacerein treatment normalized urine volume and osmolarity, reduced blood urea nitrogen (BUN), fractional excretion of sodium (FENa), serum creatinine and osmolarity, and protected renal function in an endotoxemic AKI mice model. In the histopathologic study, diacerein also improved renal tubular damage such as necrosis of the tubular segment. Moreover, diacerein inhibited LPSinduced increase of inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and nitric oxide synthase 2. In addition, LPS administration markedly decreased aquaporin 1 (AQP1), AQP2, AQP3, Na,K-ATPase α1, apical type 3 Na/H exchanger and Na-K-2Cl cotransporter expression in the kidney, which was reversed by diacerein treatment. We also found that diacerein or IL-1β inhibition prevented the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and the decrease of AQP and sodium transporter expression induced by LPS in HK-2 cells. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates for the first time that diacerein improves renal function efficiently in endotoxemic AKI mice by suppressing inflammation and altering tubular water and sodium handing. These results suggest that diacerein may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of endotoxemic AKI.
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