Dental surgeons, maxillofacial surgeons and implantologists are increasingly interested in the effects of vitamin D on bone metabolism and the immune system. The correct concentration of this prohormone potentially correlates with success at each stage of osteointegration of endosseous implants. A review of literature related to the topic of the paper. A suitable level of vitamin D3 is crucial from the day of surgery. It influences the modulation of the immune system – increases the production of cathelicidin and defensin, and reduces the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. It also has a positive effect on bone metabolism in osteo-suppression via the induction of osteoblasts and osteoclasts and continuous bone remodeling around the implant after prosthetic restoration. The prevalence of low vitamin D levels in the European population leads to the conclusion that a high deficit is not a factor directly responsible for failures in the process of osteointegration.
Background:Nicotine absorbed by the skin and also by the digestive, respiratory and excretory systems is one of the most known toxins found in tobacco. This work reviews available literature on the influence of nicotine on human health, and in particular on the oral cavity. Material/Methods: A review of literature related to the topic of the paper. Results:Numerous studies indicate that nicotine adversely affects human health. It exerts a negative effect at the cellular level by modifying metabolism, and disturbs the interactions between tissues, which strongly promotes the formation of cancer-like changes. Nicotine causes numerous pathologies in the respiratory, immune, and cardiovascular systems leading to a number of metabolic disorders. Conclusions: The intake of nicotine contained in tobacco products has a particularly negative effect on the oral cavity. It accelerates periodontitis, with weaker clinical symptoms associated with resistance to conventional treatment. In addition, nicotine changes the oral cavity microflora, increasing the amount of harmful bacteria and pathogenic fungi.
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