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Lamium album, commonly known as “white dead nettle,” is a perennial herb widely used in folk medicine. The present paper presents the toxic, anti-proliferative, and free radical (DPPH˙) scavenging activities of methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of that plant. In order to determine the biologically active compounds, the plant extracts were separated by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) on silica gel Si 60 F254 and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with densitometry. Methanol extract was rich mainly with flavonoids and phenolic acids. Ethyl acetate extract contained mainly triterpenes. Both extracts showed no toxic effects against normal human skin fibroblasts (HSF) in the range of applied concentrations (25–225 μg/ml). Anti-proliferative activity revealed that methanol extract expressed lower inhibitory properties than ethyl acetate one. The MTT test was, however, less sensitive than Neutral Red (NR) assay. Ethyl acetate extract did not exhibit DPPH˙ radical scavenging activity. Methanol extract reduced the radical of about 29% at the highest applied concentration (225 μg/ml). Both extracts slightly influenced cellular cytoskeleton organization and amount, and size of agyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR) protein deposits. These findings suggest that extracts of Lamium album exhibit potential usefulness in preparation of new natural formulations.
Kalanchoë daigremontiana leaves contain phenolic compounds, which are one of the determinants of plant therapeutic properties. Light and scanning electron microscopes were used to analyse the structure of leaves. The main aims of the study included the analysis of the anatomy of leaves, localisation of phenolic compounds, and identification of phenolic acids. The thickness of the amphistomatic leaf blades, the number, the size of stomata, and the value of stomatal index, as well as the structure of the parenchyma cells have indicated that K. daigremontiana is adapted to arid environments. The histochemical assays revealed the presence of phenolic idioblasts in the leaf blades and petioles. The idioblasts were located in the epidermis, subepidermal layer, a deeper portion of the mesophyll, and in the sheaths of vascular bundles. The phytochemical analyses of leaves demonstrated the presence of gallic, ferulic, caffeic, p-coumaric, and protocatechuic acids in the form of esters. We carried out the research of the anatomical structure of K. daigremontiana leaves, which has been insufficiently documented to date. We have also revealed new localisation of phenolic compounds in the leaf tissues of this species.
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