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Significant small variations exist in the proportion of the heavy isotope (¹³C) in organic and inorganic materials. The amounts of variations depend on the discrimination against or (in favor of) the heavy isotope through equilibrium reactions or kinetic processes particularly during CO₂ fixation in plants. These variations have also paved the way to measure carbon isotope discrimination in plant materials as a surrogate for water-use efficiency. Thus looking for variation and understanding the inheritance of this character is a prerequisite for improving wheat genotypes showing high water use efficiency and tolerance to drought. The main objectives of this review is to provide an overview of various aspects in which inheritance of Δ is documented and of variation for carbon isotope discrimination reported in wheat under different circumstances. The relationship between carbon isotope discrimination and drought tolerance is also discussed exclusively in wheat.
Some selected chromosomal substitution lines were used to determine the role of their relevant chromosomes in affecting variation of epicuticular wax, water statues and stomatal characteristics under water-deficit conditions. Recipient and donor parents of the substitution lines were Chinese spring (CS) and Timstein, respectively. Analyses of variance revealed highly significant variations among the candidate substitution lines for leaf relative water content (LRWC), excised leaf water lost and grain weight. However, no significant variation was found for epicuticular wax (ECW). In the case of stomatal characteristics, analyses of variance indicated significant variation for stomatal frequency only and no significant variation was found for other stomatal characteristics. Comparison between the substitution lines and their recipient parent (CS) revealed that none of the substitution lines was significantly different with the recipient parent (CS) for ECW, thus indicating none of the candidate chromosomes involved in controlling this character. However, the results indicated the effects of chromosomes 1A, 3D and 7D from donor parent (Tim) in controlling LRWC. Chromosomes 7D of Timstein also had a significant effect in enhancing LRWC when substituted into CS background. In addition, it was observed that none of the characters correlated with grain yield in water-stressed experiments.
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